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DPT706: Movement Science > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define memory

A

an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience

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2
Q

Memory can be classified along what 2 dimensions

A
  1. Nature of the information stored (multiple memory systems)
  2. Time course of storage (multi-store model)
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3
Q

What are the two types of memory in multiple memory systems (nature of the information stored)?

A
  1. Declarative Memory

2. Procedural (Non-Delcarative Memory)

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4
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

“Knowing how…”

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

b. Procedural

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5
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

“Knowing that…”

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

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6
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

explicit memory

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

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7
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

implicit memory

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

b. Procedural

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8
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

Semantic Memory

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

memory of facts about the world

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9
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

Recalled without conscious effort

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

b. Procedural

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10
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

It is used in everyday language to refer to the capacity for conscious recollection about facts and events.

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

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11
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

Assessed through testing of motor skills

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

b. Procedural

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12
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

It is the kind of memory that is impaired in amnesia and is dependent on structures in the medial temporal lobe and midline diencephalon.

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

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13
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

It allows remembered material to be compared and contrasted.

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

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14
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

It is representational, providing a way to model the external world, and as a model of the external world, it is true or false.

A

a. Declarative

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15
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

Encompasses habits and motor behaviors

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

b. Procedural

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16
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

Episodic Memory

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

i. e. autobiographical - events

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17
Q

Select the proper type of memory system:

In the case of H.M., he lost his

a. Declarative
b. Procedural

A

a. Declarative

could still improve motor pathway tracing star in mirror but couldn’t remember doing it

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18
Q

What three areas of the brain are declarative memory dependent on?

A

medial temporal lobe

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hippocampal Gyrus
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19
Q

The Multi-Store Model (time course of storage) proposes that memory comprises of what three components?

A
  1. Sensory Registry
  2. Short-term (working memory)
  3. Long-term storage
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20
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Plays active role in processing of conscious thought.

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

b. Working (short-term) Memory

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21
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Aka somatosensory memory

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

a. Sensory Register

Visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile

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22
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Large (almost limitless) capacity

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

a. Sensory Register

or
c. Long-Term Memory

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23
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Relatively limitless capacity for rehearsed items

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

c. Long-Term Memory

once transferred from short term memory

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24
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Very short duration (250-1000ms)

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

a. Sensory Register

Long enough to develop perception of stimuli

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25
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Possibly lifelong duration

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

c. Long-Term Memory

remember memories from when kid

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26
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Brief duration (20-30 seconds)

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

b. Working (short-term) Memory

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27
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

Small, limited capacity (7 +- items)

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

b. Working (short-term) Memory

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28
Q

Select the proper type component of the multi-stage model:

discarded without selective attention

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

a. Sensory Register

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29
Q

Selective Attention bridges the gap between what components of the Multi-Stage model?

A

Sensory Register and Working Memory

otherwise sensory register is discarded

30
Q

Which is smaller in capacity but longer in duration?

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory

A

b. Working (short-term) Memory

31
Q

What is the process of forgetting things from long-term memory due to?

A

different types of inference or retrieval failure, but memory is still there (older people need cues to bring things up)

32
Q

What are the three Stages of Memory Formation?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Storage (retention)
33
Q

Match the term with the description:

Maintenance of memory over time

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

f. Storage

34
Q

Match the term with the description:

Memory representation formed

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

a. Encoding

35
Q

Match the term with the description:

Memory brought out of storage for use

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

g. Recall

36
Q

Match the term with the description:

Memory becomes more permanent

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

c. Consolidation

37
Q

Match the term with the description:

Improvement in performance of a skill off-line

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

e. Enhancement

38
Q

Match the term with the description:

Transform representation from working memory to long-term storage

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

b. Rehearsal

39
Q

Match the term with the description:

Maintenance of motor skill performance off-line without practice.

a. Encoding
b. Rehearsal
c. Consolidation
d. Stabilization
e. Enhancement
f. Storage
g. Recall

A

d. Stabilization

40
Q

Define Fast Learning

A

(aka Within-session learning) is the formation of the memory trace during active pracice of task

41
Q

Fast Learning is defined by rehearsal in

a. Sensory Register
b. Working (short-term) Memory
c. Long-Term Memory

A

b. Working (short-term) Memory

42
Q

Fast learning is highly influenced by what to things during learning?

A
  1. Selective Attention
  2. Active Problem Solving

(can’t just be going through motions)

43
Q

Is random practice or blocked practice better for Fast Learning?

A
  • Have to problem solve and come up with new stratigies
  • Reactive memory and re-encode in different way
  • Better attention because jumping around and can’t get into grove.
44
Q

T/F: Fast Learning is highly sensitive to disruption.

A

True

45
Q

Does majority of learning take place during practice or after practice?

A

After - 3-4 hour timeframe following practice

46
Q

T/F: Motor memory consolidation is susceptible to “interference” by external influences.

A

True

47
Q

When is memory consolidation least stable?

A

immediately after you are done practicing

48
Q

Learning and subsequent recall of movement skill can be enhanced by: (5)

A
  1. Increasing amount of original learning
  2. Fostering understanding of task to be learned
  3. Mnemonics (memory aids)
  4. Contextual interference during practice
  5. Spacing of practice (distributed practice)
49
Q

Why would contextual interference during practice enhance learning and subsequent recall of movement skill?

A

forces greater selective attention, heighten initial encoding process

50
Q

Why would spacing of practice (distributed practice) enhance learning and subsequent recall of movement skill?

A

Shorter but more frequent bouts allows for higher attention, greater attention span, and more opportunities to put more layers of paint onto canvas, more opportunities to engage wave of protein synthesis rather than all at once.

51
Q

Cardiovascular exercise has a most powerful influence on what type of tasks?

A

executive control tasks involving frontal areas of brain (critical thinking)

52
Q

T/F: Actute CV exercise memory benefits are time dependent.

A

True

53
Q

T/F: Long-term CV exercise does not improve memory significantly.

A

True

54
Q

When should exercise be performed for the greatest effect of memory?

a. Before
b. During
c. After
d. a and b
e. b and c

A

d. a and b

(however during is best, exercise effects may persist after exercise

55
Q

Exercise bout performed before or during learning exposure activates mechanisms that

A

lower threshold for acquistion (encoding)

56
Q

Largest effects of acute exercise on memory occur with

a. immediate retention
b. delayed retention

A

b. delayed retention

so won’t notice effects immediately

57
Q

What effect does Long-term CV exercise have on memory?

A

priming effect on mechanisms for memory processing, optimizes effect of a single bout of exercise.

i.e. will get more of a benefit from acute exercise on memory if you are already in decent shape.

58
Q

What are the timing effects of exercise thought to be due to?

A

priming of molecular mechanisms in encoding and consolidation (priming nervous system to learn)

59
Q

Select the appropriate memory the molecule has an effect on:

Epinephrine

a. Short-Term
b. Long-Term
c. a and b

A

b. Long-Term

60
Q

Select the appropriate memory the molecule has an effect on:

BDNF

a. Short-Term
b. Long-Term
c. a and b

A

c. a and b

61
Q

Select the appropriate memory the molecule has an effect on:

Dopamine

a. Short-Term
b. Long-Term
c. a and b

A

a. Short-Term

62
Q

What are the acute effects of BDNF?

A

Enhance synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability

63
Q

What are the chronic effects of BDNF

A

Protein synthesis –> architectural modification of motor centers

64
Q

T/F: BDNF effects inversely related to VO2max.

A

True

More benefit with lower VO2max because you have more room to improve.

65
Q

What are the two sleep stages in which sleep is classified?

A
  1. Non-REM

2. REM

66
Q

How many stages is Non-REM sleep?

A

4
Stage 1
Stage 2
Slow-wave Sleep (stage 3 and 4)

67
Q

Do young adults or older adults spend more time in REM?

A

young adults

68
Q

Which aspect of consolidation sleep dependent?

a. Stabilization
b. Enhancement

A

b. Enhancement

Enhancing and improving motor function is sleep dependent, while Stabilizing or maintaining the motor skill over time is not. Don’t see decrease in performance from not getting sleep, but will see improvement with sleep.

69
Q

What is the sequential hypothesis?

A

Memories are consolidated through ordered sequence of non-REM followed by REM sleep

70
Q

What type of memory is consolidated during SWS or REM?

A

Declarative memory

71
Q

What type of memory is consolidated during stage 2 non-rem or REM?

A

Procedural Memory

72
Q

T/F: Young adults benefit from sleep less than older adults.

A

False, young adults benefit more

DPT706: Movement Science (3 decks)

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