Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 2

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The retention of encoded information over time.

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 7

Short-Term Memory

Answer 7

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Question 8

Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 10

Automatic Processing

Answer 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning.

Question 11

Effortful Processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Question 13

Spacing Effect

Answer 13

The tendency for study or practice over time to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 14

Serial Position Effect

Answer 14

Our tendency to recall best the lasts and first items in a list.

Question 15

Visual Encoding

Answer 15

The encoding of picture images.

Question 16

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 16

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Question 17

Semantic Encoding

Answer 17

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Question 18

Imagery

Answer 18

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Question 19

Mnemonics

Answer 19

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 21

Iconic Memory

Answer 21

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting not more than a few tenths of a second.

Question 22

Echoic Memory

Answer 22

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attentions is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within three to four seconds.

Question 23

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 23

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 24

Amnesia

Answer 24

The loss of memory.

Question 25

Implicit Memory

Answer 25

Retention independent of conscious recollection (also called procedural memory).

Question 26

Explicit Memory

Answer 26

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (also called declarative memory).

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 28

Recall

Answer 28

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 29

Recognition

Answer 29

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

Question 30

Relearning

Answer 30

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Question 31

Priming

Answer 31

Unconsciously associating two different memories because of their similarity.

Question 32

Deja Vu

Answer 32

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 33

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 33

The tendency to recall one’s experiences that are consistent with one’s current good mood or bad mood.

Question 34

Proactive Interference

Answer 34

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 35

Retroactive Interference

Answer 35

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 36

Repression

Answer 36

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-inducing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Question 37

Misinformation Effect

Answer 37

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Question 38

Source Amnesia

Answer 38

Attributing an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined to the wrong source.