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Cognitive Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors can affect the strength of a memory?

A 
attention
significance
emotion
self-relevance
retrieval cues
rehearsal
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2
Q

What did Bartlett’s War of Ghosts study find?

A

that people reduce the length of stories over time, omit less straightforward details, rationalise the story, transform details into more familiar ones and change the order of events

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3
Q

What is the Diesse-Roediger and McDermott paradigm?

A

critical lures were more likely to be recalled than thought of as familiar; even though these critical lure words were never presented

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4
Q

What is the misinformation paradigm?

A

misinformation presented during memory retrieval becomes part of the original memory

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5
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde?

A

anterograde is amnesia of events after an injury, retrograde is amnesia of events before an injury

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6
Q

Which part of the brain controls declarative memory?

A

the hippocampus

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7
Q

What part of the brain is involved in the retrieval of episodic memories?

A

the medial temporal lobe

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8
Q

What is multiple trace theory?

A

that each time a memory is retrieved, another trace is formed making the memory stronger than newly created (recent) ones

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9
Q

What are the features of sensory memory?

A

large multi-modal capacity but for a very brief time

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10
Q

What are the features of STM?

A

limited capacity storage, information is easily lost

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11
Q

What are the features of LTM?

A

unlimited storage information is encoded based on meaning

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12
Q

What evidence is there for the sensory store?

A

letters were shown for a very brief amount of time, puts recalled seeing all the letters but couldn’t recall what they were; as soon as reporting starts the information has faded away

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13
Q

What is a recency effect?

A

more recently observed items are recalled more easily

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14
Q

What is a primacy effect?

A

items at the beginning of a list are recalled more easily

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15
Q

What is long term recency?

A

items more recent and more distant are recalled better than middle items

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16
Q

What evidence is there for multiple STM stores?

A

dual task; repeat a string of digits and answer true/false questions
increasing the digit load increased the amount of time taken to answer questions but did not increase the number of errors

17
Q

What are the features of working memory?

A

limited capacity, temporary storage which depends of the contents of our attention

18
Q

What are the two key stores involved in STM?

A

phonological; speech based info

visuo-spatial; holds visual and spatial info

19
Q

What is articulatory suppression?

A

a word is prevented from being stored if the ppt is repeating aloud an irrelevant word

20
Q

Which brain area is associated with the phonological store?

A

inferior parietal lobe

21
Q

What does the visual cache do?

A

passively stores information about colour and form

22
Q

What does the inner scribe do?

A

stores spatial movement info and can rehearse the contents of the visual cache

23
Q

What is the function of the central executive?

A

controls and allocates attention, it is supported by the prefrontal cortex

24
Q

What is the function of the episodic buffer?

A

integrates information across time and space, supports conscious experience, is controlled by the central executive, enables LTM to interact with WM

25
Q

Which brain areas are affected most by amnesia?

A

medial temporal lobe, diencephalon and lateral temporal lobe

26
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

conscious awareness of memories; e.g. episodic and semantic knowledge

27
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

non-conscious awareness of memories; e.g. procedural and priming effects

28
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

specific events and their context, autonoetic consciousness

29
Q

What are some features of episodic memory?

A

stored in the medial temporal lobes and is vulnerable to modification

30
Q

What are some features of semantic memory?

A

stored in the lateral temporal lobes, is not unique to humans, noetic consciousness and is less vulnerable to modification

31
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

facts and general knowledge about the world

32
Q

What evidence is there for separate episodic and semantic systems?

A

semantic dementia; damage to lateral temporal cortex (LTC) so episodic memory is not impaired
alzheimer’s disease; damage to medial temporal cortex (MTC) so semantic memory is not impaired

33
Q

Is procedural memory in tact with amnesia?

A

yes, patient HM showed improvement in procedural tasks across time despite not remembering the events

34
Q

What is priming?

A

the presentation of one stimulus changes the responses to a subsequent test stimulus

Cognitive Psychology (6 decks)

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