Memory

Question 0

Sensory Representations

Answer 0

Information that is represented in one of the sense modalities

Question 1

Confabulation

Answer 1

Inventing detailed and plausible false memories due to gaps in memory caused by amnesia

Question 2

Verbal Representations

Answer 2

Information represented in words

Question 3

Iconic Storage

Answer 3

A visual sensory registration process by which people retain an afterimage of a visual stimulus

Question 4

Echoic Storage

Answer 4

An auditory sensory registration process by which people retain an echo or brief auditory representation of a sound to which they have been exposed

Question 5

Short-term Memory (STM)

Answer 5

Memory for information that is available to consciousness for roughly 20-30 seconds; also called working memory

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

Repeating or studying information to retain it in memory

Question 7

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 7

The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it momentarily in STM

Question 8

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 8

An aide to LTM storage that involves thinking about the meaning of information in order to process it with more depth

Question 9

Sensory Registers

Answer 9

Memory systems that hold information for a very brief period of time

Question 10

Long-term Memory (LTM)

Answer 10

Memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiences that may last as long as a lifetime

Question 11

Retrieval

Answer 11

Bringing information from LTM into STM, or working memory

Question 12

Serial Position Effect

Answer 12

The phenomenon that people are more likely to remember information that appears first and last in a list than information in the middle of the list

Question 13

Modules

Answer 13

Discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering

Question 14

Working Memory

Answer 14

Conscious ‘work-space’ used for retrieving and manipulating information, maintained through maintenance rehearsal; also called STM

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

The process of organising information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory

Question 16

Declarative Memory

Answer 16

Knowledge that can be consciously retrieved and ‘declared’

Question 17

Procedural Memory

Answer 17

Knowledge of procedures or skills that emerges when people engage in activities that require them

Question 18

Semantic Memory

Answer 18

General word knowledge or facts; also called semantic memory

Question 19

Generic Memory

Answer 19

General world knowledge or facts; also called semantic memory

Question 20

Episodic Memory

Answer 20

Memories of particular episodes or events from personal experience

Question 21

Explicit Memory

Answer 21

The conscious recollection of facts and events

Question 22

Implicit Memory

Answer 22

Memory that can not be brought to mind consciously but can be expressed in behaviour

Question 23

Recall

Answer 23

The explicit (conscious) recollection of material from LTM

Question 24

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

Answer 24

The experience in which people attempting but failing to recall information from memory know the information is ‘in there’ but are not quite able to retrieve it

Question 25

Recognition

Answer 25

Explicit (conscious) knowledge of whether something currently perceived has been previously encountered

Question 26

Priming Effects

Answer 26

The processing of specific information is facilitated by prior exposure to the same or similar information

Question 27

Everyday Memory

Answer 27

Memory as it occurs in daily life

Question 28

Retrospective Memory

Answer 28

Memory for events that have already occurred

Question 29

Prospective Memory

Answer 29

Memory for things that need to be done in the future

Question 30

Encoded

Answer 30

Refers to information that is cast into a representational form or ‘code’, so that it can be readily accessed from memory

Question 31

Level of Processing

Answer 31

The degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon or processed in a meaningful way during encoding of memory

Question 32

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 32

The notion that the match between the way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved is important to remembering

Question 33

Retrieval Cues

Answer 33

Stimuli or thoughts that can be used to facilitate retrieval

Question 34

Spacing Effect

Answer 34

The superior long-term retention of information rehearsed in sessions spread out over longer intervals of time

Question 35

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 35

Systematic strategies for remembering information

Question 36

Method of Loci

Answer 36

A memory aid or mnemonic device in which images are remembered by fitting them into an orderly arrangement of locations

Question 37

SQ4R Method

Answer 37

A mnemonic device designed to help students remember material from textbooks, which includes five steps; survey, question, read, recite, review and write

Question 38

Networks of Association

Answer 38

Clusters of interconnected information stored in long term memory

Question 39

Node

Answer 39

A cluster or piece of information along a network of association

Question 40

Spreading Activation Theory

Answer 40

The theory that the presentation of a stimulus triggers activation of closely related nodes

Question 41

Cultural Models

Answer 41

Shared cultural concepts, which organise knowledge and shape the way people think and remember