Memory Flashcards
Memory
The ability to store an retrieve information over time
Encoding
The process by which we transfer what we perceive, think, and feel into an enduring memory
Storage
the process of maintaining information over time
Retrival
The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
Elaborative encoding
the process of relating new information to old knowledge
Visual Imagery Encoding
The process of converting new information by converting it into mental pictures
Organizational encoding
the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of item
Sensory memory
storage that holds sensory information fora few seconds
Iconic memory
a fast-decaying store of visual information
Echoic memory
a fast-decaying store of auditory information
Short Term Memory (STM)
holds non-sensory information for longer than a few seconds but less than a minute; can hold about seven items
Rehearsal
the process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it
Chunking
combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM
Working memory
active maintenance of information in STM
Long-term memory (LTM)
storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity
Retrograde amnesia
the inability to retrieve information that was required before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
Anterograde amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from short-term store into long-term store
Consolidation
the process by which memories become solid in the brain
Reconslidation
memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again
Encoding specificity principle
the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific was that the information was initially encoded
State dependent retrieval
the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the sane state during encoding and retrieval
Transfer-appropriate processing
memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match
Retrieval-induced forgetting
a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items (frontal lobe suppresses competing information)
Explicit memory
the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
Semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
Episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Implicit memory
the influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
Procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of a practice, or “know how” to do things
Priming
an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation
Transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
Absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in a memory failure
Blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
Memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
False recognition
a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
Suggestibility
the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
Bias
the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
Consistency bias
the tendency to reconstruct the past to fill in the present
Change bias
the tendency to exaggerate differences between we feel or believe now or what we felt or believed in the past
Egocentric bias
the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect
Persistence
the intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget
Flashbulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
