Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The ability to store an retrieve information over time

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process by which we transfer what we perceive, think, and feel into an enduring memory

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

the process of maintaining information over time

Question 4

Retrival

Answer 4

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 5

Elaborative encoding

Answer 5

the process of relating new information to old knowledge

Question 6

Visual Imagery Encoding

Answer 6

The process of converting new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 7

Organizational encoding

Answer 7

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of item

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

storage that holds sensory information fora few seconds

Question 9

Iconic memory

Answer 9

a fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 10

Echoic memory

Answer 10

a fast-decaying store of auditory information

Question 11

Short Term Memory (STM)

Answer 11

holds non-sensory information for longer than a few seconds but less than a minute; can hold about seven items

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

the process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

active maintenance of information in STM

Question 15

Long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 15

storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity

Question 16

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 16

the inability to retrieve information that was required before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Question 17

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

the inability to transfer new information from short-term store into long-term store

Question 18

Consolidation

Answer 18

the process by which memories become solid in the brain

Question 19

Reconslidation

Answer 19

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

Question 20

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 20

the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific was that the information was initially encoded

Question 21

State dependent retrieval

Answer 21

the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the sane state during encoding and retrieval

Question 22

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 22

memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

Question 23

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 23

a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items (frontal lobe suppresses competing information)

Question 24

Explicit memory

Answer 24

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

Question 25

Semantic memory

Answer 25

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 26

Episodic memory

Answer 26

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Question 27

Implicit memory

Answer 27

the influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

Question 28

Procedural memory

Answer 28

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of a practice, or “know how” to do things

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation

Question 30

Transience

Answer 30

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Question 31

Absentmindedness

Answer 31

a lapse in attention that results in a memory failure

Question 32

Blocking

Answer 32

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Question 33

Memory misattribution

Answer 33

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Question 34

False recognition

Answer 34

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

Question 35

Suggestibility

Answer 35

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Question 36

Bias

Answer 36

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Question 37

Consistency bias

Answer 37

the tendency to reconstruct the past to fill in the present

Question 38

Change bias

Answer 38

the tendency to exaggerate differences between we feel or believe now or what we felt or believed in the past

Question 39

Egocentric bias

Answer 39

the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

Question 40

Persistence

Answer 40

the intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget

Question 41

Flashbulb memories

Answer 41

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events