Learning

Question 0

Classical Conditioning

Answer 0

when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produced a response

Question 1

What is Learning?

Answer 1

Experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 2

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 3

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Acquistion

Answer 6

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

a process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 11

Phobias

Answer 11

We can develop fears of many stimuli, but some are more common than others

Question 12

Fetishes

Answer 12

Sexual attraction to nonliving things

Question 13

Disgust Reactions

Answer 13

CS’s w/ distinguished US’s come to elicit disgusts themselves

Question 14

Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Question 15

Law of Effect

Answer 15

The principle that behaviors that are followed by a ‘satisfying state of affairs’ tend to be repeated and those that produce an ‘unpleasant state of affairs’ are less likely to be repeated

Question 16

Operant Behavior

Answer 16

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

Question 17

Reinforcer

Answer 17

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective than punishment in promoting learning

Question 18

Punisher

Answer 18

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Question 19

Overjustification Effect

Answer 19

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

Positive outcome or consequence of a behavior strengthens the probability of the behavior

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

Removal of a negative outcome or consequences of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Question 22

Positive Punishment

Answer 22

Removal of a negative outcome or consequences of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Question 23

Negative Punishemnt

Answer 23

Removal of a pleasant consequence of a behavior that decreases the probability of the behavior

Question 24

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

Answer 24

reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided the appropriate response is made

Question 25

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

Answer 25

reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided the appropriate response is made

Question 26

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

Answer 26

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

Question 27

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

Answer 27

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

Question 28

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 28

when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement; produce slightly higher rates of responding and are more resistant to extinction (intermittent-reinforcement effect)

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Question 30

Supersitions

Answer 30

rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they are accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships

Question 31

Premack Principle

Answer 31

Principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior

Question 32

Observational Learning

Answer 32

a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

Question 33

Diffusion Chain

Answer 33

a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

Question 34

Implict Learning

Answer 34

learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition (Some forms of learning being explicitly but become implicit over time)

Question 35

Habituation

Answer 35

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response