memory 23/4

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

Acquisition of an altered behavioural response due to an environmental stimulus

Question 2

Define memory

Answer 2

The processes through which learned information is stored

Question 3

Define retrieval

Answer 3

A conscious or unconscious process that accesses the stored information

Question 4

What are the two types of LTM?

Answer 4

Declarative/explicit memory (knowing what): memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled Non-declarative/implicit memory (knowing how): unconscious memory of skills and how to do things

Question 5

What are the general locations for storage of declarative and procedural memories?

Answer 5

Declarative/explicit memory is encoded in the medial temporal lobe which includes the hippocampus but stored in neocortex Non-declarative do not require the hippocampus at all, and are mostly stored throughout motor and limbic regions

Question 6

What are the types of declarative memory?

Answer 6

Semantic memory: General factual knowledge, shared with others and independent of personal experience and of the spatial/temporal context Episodic memory: Memory of experiences and specific events. Individual memories are stored in relevant areas e.g auditory, olfactory but the hippocampus connects them all.

Question 7

What are the four types of non-declarative memory?

Answer 7

Procedural (skills and habits)

Priming

Classical conditioning: Emotional and skeletal

Non associative: Habituation and sensitization

Question 8

Where is procedural memory encoded?

Answer 8

Striatum

Question 9

Where is priming encoded?

Answer 9

Neocortex

Question 10

Where is classical conditioning encoded?

Answer 10

Emotional: Amygdala Skeletal: Cerebellum

Question 11

Where is non-associative memory encoded?

Answer 11

Reflexive pathways

Question 12

Define LTP

Answer 12

• long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons.
• underpinned by NMDA receptors increasing intracellular Ca2+, leading to insertion of more AMPA receptors in the membrane and transcriptional changes

Question 13

website

Answer 13

http://www.human-memory.net/types_declarative.html