Memory Flashcards
Describe the multi-storey model of memory
The first box is the sensory memory where information is taken in by the senses which is then passed into the STM which requires rehearsal to get the information into the ltm so it can be retrieved for a later date
Define memory
A mental process or set of process that result in the registering storing and retrieving of information
Define capacity
Capacity is the amount of information that can be held.
Define duration
How long can the information be held for
Define encoding
How the information is stored eg acoustically visually etc
Explain then differences between the capacity encoding and durations of the LTM and the STM
Capacity of STM - 7+or-2 items
Encoding - acoustic eg how it sounds
Duration - 30 seconds
Capacity of the LTM - is unlimited
Encoding - semantically it’s meaning
Duration - unlimited
What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson
To test how long STM lasts when rehearsal is prevented
What was Peterson and petersons procedure
Ps briefly shown a consistent trio gram
Ps were asked to count backwards from a random number in 3s to prevent rehearsal. After intervals of 3 up to 18 seconds ps were asked to recall the trigram the procedure was repeated several times
Name the 4 stores of the working memory model
The central executive
The episodic buffer
The phonological loop
The Visuo spatial sketch pad
What is the central executive
Is the main part of the working memory model that controls all of the the other slave systems and decides which slave system to give information to
What is the episodic buffer
Temporary storage system that allows information from the slave systems to be combined with information from the LTM
What is the phonological loop
Comprises the
Articulatory control system for verbal rehearsal the inner voice and
The phonological store for acoustically coded items the inner ear
What Is the Visuo spatial sketch pad
Storage for the spatial and Visual informations the inner eye
Define eyewitness testimony
An account of an event given usually in count of something that, that person has witnessed.
Why might eye witness testimony be inaccurate
Anxiety age leading questions weapon focus
Give some strengths of the multistore memory model
Suggests that there are separate memory sections.
Emphasis on rehearsal is good
Give some weaknesses of the multistore memory model
It says that to get to the LTM You have to go through the STM
Simplistic
List and briefly describe research that has investigated misleading information on EWT
Loftus and palmer
45 students were shown films of traffic accidents afterwards asked to estimate the speed of the car when it - “hit collided smashed bumbed contacted”
List and briefly describe a research that has investigated the effect of anxiety on EWT
Peters - studies people at the local health clinic for an injection. The people met a nurse who have them the injection and a researcher for an equal period of time. People identified the researcher With more ease
Describe the features of cognitive interview
Report everything - include every single detail of the event. Aim to increase accuracy of recall
Mental reinstatement of original context - mentally recreate the environment from the original incident. Aim is as for no1
Changing the order - reversing the order etc in which the events occur to increase recall
Changing the perspective recall the incident from multiple perspective eg imagining how it would have appeared to other witnesses present at the time. Aim is same as no3
List and briefly describe research that has looked into cognitive interview
Geiselman - tested the effectiveness of the cognitive interview technique by comparing it with standard police interviews. 89 students were shown police training videos. Then were interviewed 48 hours later by police officers using standard interview procedures or cognitive interview. The measured the number of correct answers given and the incorrect. And the made up answers given
Describe a visual image strategy
Method of loci - putting certain objects onto or into certain points in a room that is easily visualised. With things that need to be done eg check bank account on the coffee table.
Describe and organisational strategy
Categories - people who find a common theme words that links remain items together such as Labrador beagle boxer are all dogs
Describe a verbal strategy
Acrostics - taking the acronym and attaching words to make a story or phrase.
Acronyms - take all important words & put them into a sequence of letters such as wwf or RSPCA or sport
How does method of loci improve memory and why ?
By seeing the room clearly your able to use these locations as reminders for for tasks.
How and why does categories improve memory
It helps because it uses semantic processing which puts in formation into LTM and means more cognitive effort is made
How and why do acrostics improve memory
Acts as a cue and the story helps to acts allowing the rest of the information
How and why do acronyms improve memory
It acts as a cue for the rest of the information to follow through
What are some strengths of Peterson and Peterson
Lab so can control extraneous variables
Really clever to have rehearsal prevention way of controlling rehearsal
What are some strengths of the working memory model
It’s shows that there are different parts to STM shown by k.f and amnesiac with normal STM for visual but not for auditory.
It can also explain why some people are good at one type of memory but not the other
What are some weaknesses of the working memory model
Doesn’t actually explain how the central executive works. No research into it
Doesn’t look at the long term memory much only the STM
List and describe research into the working memory model
Hitch and baddely
Conducted a lab experiment that demonstrated that performance was
Slower when participants were given a task involving both the central executive and a second task involving a both the central executive and the articulatory loop than articulatory suppression task is evidence of the articulatory loop along or no extra task
Gives some strengths of the research into the working memory model
Hitch and baddely was a lab experiment
Means good control of extraneous variables.
Good cause it showed and had the desired outcome to the prediction.
Clever way of comparing different slave system tasks
Give some weaknesses of research into the working memory model
Hitch and baddely lab experiment
Low external validity
The individual differences between the participants would of had an affect on how good they were at the tasks given
Give some strengths of research into misleading information
Loftus and palmer
Lab experiment so high internal validity
Good range of words used to get a good range of results/speeds
Give weakness of research into misleading information on EWT
Loftus and palmer
Low external validity due to lab experiment
People’s individual attention span to the video could affect what they saw in he video causing higher or lower results
Give some strengths of research into anxiety on EWT
Peters
Field experiment
High external validity
Desired outcome supported the hypothesis
Give some weaknesses of research into anxiety on EWT
Peters
Low internal validity due to field experiment
Doesn’t account for individuals differences of the researcher / nurse either could of been attractive for opposite sex affecting results
Give some strengths of research into cognitive interview
Geiselman
Lab experiment
High internal
The outcome supported the hypothesis
Give some weaknesses of research into cognitive interview
Low external validity
Individual differences could of had an effect on the outcome.
