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Psychology PSYA1 > Attatchments > Flashcards

Attatchments Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe bowlbys theory of attachment

A

Evolutionary theory
When babies are born they rely on care givers and so pre programmed biological abilities that allow close proximity with the care giver for survival such as crying
Then the adult wishes to interact with the child which allows the infant to learn from the adult which ensures long term survivial

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1
Q

Describe learning theory

A 
Classical conditioning 
UCS - food.       UCR - pleasure 
UC FOOD
UC CAREGIVER.    - UCR PLEASURE
UCS CARE GIVER - CR PLEASURE

operant conditioning
Spontaneous behaviour causes a consequence which increases the likelihood of the response being given
And infant cries and food is given so the baby cries again

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2
Q

List and describe research that has investigated explanations of attachment

A

Klause and kennel tested skin to skin contact to see if it had an effect between the mothers and there babies
The ps were two groups of mothers
It was a field experiment
One controlled group on conditioned group. They visited the mothers once after a month and once after a year and made notes on changes by the babies and made a conclusion

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3
Q

What are some strengths of the klause and kennel study

A

It’s a field experiment so good extraneous variables

It supports bowlbys theory of attachment

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4
Q

Some weaknesses of klause and kennel

A

Field experiment means poor internal validity
Doesn’t account for participant variables such as how the mothers are with the babies when the researchers are not around

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5
Q

How does this study support theory’s of attachment

A

It supports bowlbys theory of attachment as the babies with more skin to skin contact appear to have better attachments this supports the theory as the better the relationship the better the IWM

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6
Q

Describe Ainsworths strange situation

A

Aim to investigate if attachments differ between children.
Procedure
Was a structured observation lab experiment. 1-parent and infant alone2-stranger joins3-parent leaves4-parent returns stranger leaves5-parent leaves6-stranger returns7-parent returns. Infants measured on willingness to explore separation anxiety reunion behaviour. Measured on a 1-7 scale

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7
Q

What were the results of the strange situation

A

70% secure
10% insecure avoidant
20%insecure resistant

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8
Q

Some strengths of the strange situation

A

Good ecological validity

Repeatable

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9
Q

Some weaknesses of the strange situation

A 
Could be researcher bias 
Poor internal validity due to situation 
Culturally restricted
Poor population validity
Unethical
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10
Q

Describe the characteristics of a secure attachment

A

The child trusts the mother not to leave
Plays seriously different upset and disrupted
Still distressed without mother treats stranger differently.
Wants immediate comfort on mothers return

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11
Q

Describe the characteristics of a insecure avoidant child

A

Shows an indifference towards the mother play hardly affected
Little or no stress
Few signs of stress doesn’t care
Actively avoids mother

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12
Q

Describe the characteristics of a insecure resistant child

A

Anxious and clingy to mother
Very distressed
Actively resists stranger
Shows anger towards mother but wants contact

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13
Q

Why are there different types of attachments in children

A

It’s caused by the mothers proximity with the child

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14
Q

Describe cultural variations research

A 
Takahashi
Aim to consider whether it's appropriate to use the strange situation with Japanese children ie whether it is valid. 
The participants were 60 middle class male and female infants aged 1 and their mothers were observed in the strange situation
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15
Q

What were the results of takahashis experiment

A

68%secure
0%avoident
32%resistant

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16
Q

What are strengths of takahashis experiment

A

Good use of the strange situation to test cultural differences
Good ecological validity

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17
Q

What are some weaknesses of takahashis experiment

A

Unethical
Poor internal validity
Could be bias
Poor population validity

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18
Q

Define disruption

A

A already formed attachment is taken away/broken

19
Q

Describe research that has looked into the effects of disruption

A

Bowlbys 44 thieves study
Aim to test maternal deprivation hypothesis
88 children aged between 5-16
Who referred to child guidance clinic.
44 of the children were referred because of stealing
Bowlbys identifies 16 of them as affectionless psychopaths
The other 44 were emotionally sound none of this control group were psychopaths

20
Q

What were the findings of the bowlbys 44 thieves study

A

Found 86%who were diagnosed as affection less psychopaths had experiences Early prolonged separation from there mothers
Only 17%of the other thieves Were not in this classification
Even fewer 4% of non thieves had frequent early separation

21
Q

What are some strengths of the 44 thieves

A

Natural experiment
High external validity
Supports the theory of maternal deprivation hypothesis

22
Q

Some weaknesses if of bowlby 44 thieves study

A

Low internal validity

It’s subjective

23
Q

Using research look at the effects of short term disruption

A

Robertson and Robertson looked at Thomas and John as a case study
They found 3 stages protest despair and detachment
Protest would make end up with then crying pitifully refusing food won’t sleep
Despair ends with jobs
And detachment results in ignoring of father and mother

24
Q

What is privation

A

Not knowing the maternal care giver so an attachment isn’t formed

25
Q

Describe research that has looked into privation

A

Genie case study by Curtiss
Natural experiment
Majority of the information gathered from observing genie and working with her in regular sessions
Her Info was deemed some what unreliable

26
Q

What the results of the genie case study

A

Genie improved socially
Intellectual development was gathered
Like a two year old for eating bout 8-9 for bathing herself
Some understanding or numbers
Delayed responses
Beginning to learn English correctly in the end despite extreme privation

27
Q

What are some strengths of the genie study

A

The data is rich/ thorough and in depth with both qualitative and quantitive data gathered from multiple research methods
Researchers took care of genie and the aim of the study was to provide her with good quality care and the primary aim was to help genie to see if she could develop.
Genie was given a pseudonym to keep her identity a secret that so get family cannot be traced and would not be recognised constantly and be bothered by the media - ethical strength

28
Q

What are some weaknesses of the study of genie

A

One issue is it could not have been shown without developmental problems which she may have had in infancy so her later inability to develop later in life may have been from inherent problems not privation

Whilst the researches took good care of genie there are ethical issues that she was the subject of a study and was exposed to a great deal of research, observations and psychological questioning which might be seen as not treating her properly

29
Q

What are the effects of privation

A

They cause a problem with the IWM which determines all futures attachments and social development shown by the genie study

30
Q

What is day care

A

Daytime care for people who cannot not be fully independent such as children or elderly people

31
Q

Define social development

A

A child’s ability to get on with other children make friends co operate and share

32
Q

Define institutional care

A

Long-term nursing care, treatment or services received in a Medicaid-certified long-term care facility.

33
Q

Describe a study into institutional care

A

Hodges and tizard
Natural experiment
65 children aged 16 had all been in institutional care from the age of four
During this time have not been able to form attachments due to turn over of staff by the age of two each child had, had 24 carers on average. These children were assessed over a 16 year period

34
Q

What methods were used to gather data in the hodges and tizard study

A

1 interview with adolescents
2 interview with mother some cases father present
3 self repot questionnaire concerning social difficulties
4 a questionnaire completed by participants school teachers, which identifies psychiatric problems such as depression.
5 Rutter B scale which is a type of psychometric test completed by teachers which identifies psychiatric problems such as depression

35
Q

What were the findings of the hodges and tizard study

A

At 16 the majority of the adoptive mothers 17/21 felt there child was
Deeply attached to them. Whereas only half of the restored children were descried as deeply attached to their father than the restored group
Ex institutional children had greater problems with siblings than a comparison group

36
Q

Strengths of the hodges and tizard study

A

Natural experiment - high external validity
Longitudinal study - lots of data gathered
Wide range of participants more data and better varied results

37
Q

Weaknesses of hodges and tizard

A

Natural experiment
Low internal validity
Amount of children in each section eg fostered adopted etc was uneven gives uneven data
Used questionnaires which could be lied on and interviews that could be lied in

38
Q

What are the effects of institutional care

A

Causes children a deprivation of close long lasting attachments to adults in their first year of their lives. Which could affect the IWM of the children concerned.

39
Q

Describe research that has investigated the effects of daycare on aggression and peer relations

A

Shea

Video taped threes and four year old children in the playground during there first ten weeks at nursery school.

40
Q

What were the findings of Shea

A

Sociability and peer interaction went up over time and distance to the nearest child decreased. Sociability was defined as seeking out and enjoying company of others. This increase on sociability was greater in children attending nursery for five days a week than those attending for two days a week
This was also true for aggression accept it decreased over time.

41
Q

What does the findings of Shea suggest

A

That it was experience of nursery rather than some other factor, such as increasing maturity, which led to increased sociability

42
Q

What are some strengths

Of Sheas experiment of daycare on peer relations and aggression

A

Natural experiment
High external validity
Videotaped so it can be reviewed to reduce chance of miss observing

43
Q

What are some weaknesses or Sheas experiment of daycare on aggression and peer relations

A

Natural experiment
Poor internal validity
Could be subjective
Doesn’t account for individual differences some children could be naturally sociable and others not

44
Q

What are the characteristics of a good quality daycare

A 
Physical setting 
Child to career ratio
Career qualification
Daily activities
Relationships with parents 
Continuity and stability 
Adult child interaction
Developmental appropriate curriculum

Psychology PSYA1 (3 decks)

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