Memory

Question 0

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 0

A clear memory of an emotionally significant event of moment

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Getting information into our brain

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Retaining that information

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Getting it back out of memory storage

Question 5

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 5

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. It is believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

The immediate, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system.

Question 7

Short-Term Memory

Answer 7

An activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Question 8

Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

Focuses more on how we attend to, rehearse and manipulate info in temporary storage

Question 10

Automatic Processing

Answer 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental info.

• occurs effortlessly
• difficult to shut off

Question 11

Effortful processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

Conscious repetition of information

-boosts our memory

Question 13

Spacing effect

Answer 13

Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention

Question 14

The next-in-line effect

Answer 14

When saying names in a circle, the person’s words right before you are least remembered because you are focusing on your own performance

Question 15

Serial position effect

Answer 15

Remembering the first and last items more clearly from a list then those in the middle

Question 16

Mnemonic devices

Answer 16

Memory aids, techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Organizing items into meaningful units -helps us recall better
-often occurs automatically

Question 18

Self-reference effect

Answer 18

Ability to recall things that describe/relate to ourselves

Question 19

Iconic memory

Answer 19

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 20

Echoic memory

Answer 20

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 21

Amnesia

Answer 21

The loss of memory

Question 22

Implicit memory

Answer 22

Retention independent of conscious recollection
(Procedural memory)
Skills and actions

Question 23

Explicit memory

Answer 23

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know

Question 24

Recall

Answer 24

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.
Ex. “Fill in the blank” test questions

Question 25

Recognition

Answer 25

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
Ex. “Multiple choice” test questions

Question 26

Relearning

Answer 26

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Question 27

Priming

Answer 27

The activation, often unconsciously, of a particular association in memory

Question 28

Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding

Answer 28

Picture images
Sound, or sounds of words
Meaning, meaning of words

Question 29

Déjà vu

Answer 29

“I’ve experienced this before” phenomenon

Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 30

Retrieval cues

Answer 30

They prime our memory of earlier experiences

Question 31

State-dependent memory

Answer 31

What we learned in one state (mood) is more easily recalled when we are in that state again

Question 32

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 32

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s good/bad mood

Question 33

Ebbinghaus

Answer 33

Invented the “forgetting curve”
Much of what we learn, we may indeed quickly forget.
The course of forgetting is initially rapid but levels off with time

Question 34

Proactive interference

Answer 34

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 35

Retroactive inference

Answer 35

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 36

Repression

Answer 36

In order to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety, we supposedly repress painful memories

Question 37

Misinformation effect

Answer 37

After exposure to subtle misinformation, many people misremember

Question 38

Source amnesia

Answer 38

Attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined