Memory

Question 1

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage when needed.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

THREE PROCESSES OF MEMORY

Answer 2

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 3

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to
convert that information into a form
that is usable in the brain’s storage
systems.

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

holding on to information for some
period of time.

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

getting information that is in storage
into a form that can be used.

Answer 5

retrieval

Question 6

model of memory that assumes the
processing of information for memory
storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of
three stages.

Answer 6

information-processing model

Question 7

a model of memory in which memory
processes are proposed to take place
at the same time over a large network
of neural connections.

Answer 7

parallel distributed processing
(PDP) model

Question 8

model of memory that assumes
information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to its
meaning rather than just the sound or
physical characteristics of the word or
words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

Answer 8

levels-of-processing model

Question 9

the very first stage of memory, where
raw information from the senses is
held for a very brief period of time.

Answer 9

sensory memory

Question 10

visual sensory memory, lasting only a
fraction of a second.

Answer 10

iconic memory

Question 11

the ability to access a visual memory
for 30 seconds or more.

Answer 11

eidetic imagery

Question 12

auditory sensory memory, lasting only
2–4 seconds.

Answer 12

echoic memory

Question 13

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time
while being used.

Answer 13

short-term memory (STM)

Question 14

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Answer 14

selective attention

Question 15

an active system that processes the
information in short-term memory

Answer 15

working memory

Question 16

practice of saying some information to
be remembered over and over in one’s
head in order to maintain it in shortterm memory.

Answer 16

maintenance rehearsal

Question 17

the system of memory into which all
the information is placed to be kept
more or less permanently

Answer 17

long-term memory (LTM)

Question 18

a method of transferring information
from STM into LTM by making that
information meaningful in some way.

Answer 18

elaborative rehearsal

Question 19

type of long-term memory including
memory for skills, procedures, habits,
and conditioned responses. These
memories are not conscious but are
implied to exist because they affect
conscious behavior.

Answer 19

nondeclarative (implicit) memory

Question 20

loss of memory from the point of
injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories.

Answer 20

anterograde amnesia

Question 21

type of long-term memory containing
information that is conscious and
known.

Answer 21

declarative (explicit) memory

Question 22

type of declarative memory containing
general knowledge, such as knowledge
of language and information learned
in formal education.

Answer 22

semantic memory

Question 23

type of declarative memory containing
personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities
and events.

Answer 23

episodic memory

Question 24

model of memory organization that
assumes information is stored in the
brain in a connected fashion, with
concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.

Answer 24

semantic network model

Question 25

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Answer 25

encoding specificity

Question 26

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state

Answer 26

state-dependent learning,

Question 27

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.

Answer 27

recall

Question 28

the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Answer 28

recognition

Question 29

tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Answer 29

serial position effect

Question 30

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

Answer 30

primacy effect

Question 31

tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information that precedes it.

Answer 31

recency effect

Question 32

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter longterm memory with little or no effortful encoding

Answer 32

automatic encoding

Question 33

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

Answer 33

flashbulb memories

Question 34

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information.

Answer 34

constructive processing

Question 35

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.

Answer 35

hindsight bias

Question 36

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

Answer 36

misinformation effect

Question 37

refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis

Answer 37

False-memory syndrome

Question 38

a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

Answer 38

curve of forgetting

Question 39

spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.

Answer 39

distributed practice

Question 40

failure to process information into memory

Answer 40

encoding failure

Question 41

physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

Answer 41

memory trace

Question 42

loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.

Answer 42

decay

Question 43

another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.

Answer 43

disuse

Question 44

memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information.

Answer 44

proactive interference

Question 45

memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Answer 45

retroactive interference

Question 46

the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed.

Answer 46

consolidation

Question 47

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

Answer 47

retrograde amnesia

Question 48

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3.

Answer 48

infantile amnesia

Question 49

the memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story

Answer 49

autobiographical memory