Learning

Question 1

is any relatively
permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

refers to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they’ve
learned

Answer 2

“relatively permanent”

Question 3

Changes like an increase in height
or the size of the brain are another kind of change, controlled by a genetic blueprint. This
kind of change is called

Answer 3

Maturation

Question 4

He was the Russian physiologist that pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of a particular kind of learning

Answer 4

Ivan Pavlov(1849–1936)

Question 5

an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal
control or choice—one of many that occur in both animals and humans

Answer 5

reflex

Question 6

can be defined as any object, event, or
experience that causes a response

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

defined as the reaction of an organism

Answer 7

response

Question 8

learning to elicit an involuntary, reflex-like response to a stimulus other
than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response.

Answer 8

Classical Conditioning

Question 9

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

Answer 9

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 10

an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 10

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 11

a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning

Answer 11

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 12

a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 13

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 13

conditioned response (CR)

Question 14

The ____ must come before the ____

Answer 14

CS, UCS

Question 15

The ___ and ___ must come very close together in time—ideally, no more than
5 seconds apart.

Answer 15

CS, UCS

Question 16

The ____ must be paired with the UCS several times, often many
times, before conditioning can take place

Answer 16

neutral stimulus

Question 17

the ___ is usually some stimulus that is distinctive* or stands out from other
competing stimuli

Answer 17

CS

Question 18

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original
conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 18

stimulus generalization

Question 19

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that
is similar to the original conditioned
stimulus because the similar stimulus
is never paired with the unconditioned
stimulus.

Answer 19

stimulus discrimination

Question 20

the disappearance or weakening of
a learned response following the
removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in
operant conditioning).

Answer 20

extinction

Question 21

the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although the response is
usually weak and short lived

Answer 21

spontaneous recovery

Question 22

This occurs when a strong conditioned
stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus.

Answer 22

higher-order conditioning

Question 23

The repeated pairing of an NS
and the UCS (unconditioned
stimulus).

Answer 23

ACQUISITION

Question 24

Pavlov believed that the conditioned
stimulus, through its association close in
time with the unconditioned stimulus,
came to activate the same place in the
animal’s brain that was originally
activated by the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 24

stimulus substitution

Question 25

Modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

Answer 25

cognitive perspective

Question 26

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

Answer 26

conditioned emotional response (CER)

Question 27

classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Answer 27

vicarious conditioning

Question 28

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Answer 28

conditioned taste aversion

Question 29

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Answer 29

biological preparedness

Question 30

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Answer 30

operant conditioning

Question 31

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 31

law of effect

Question 32

any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli.

Answer 32

operant

Question 33

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

Answer 33

reinforcement

Question 34

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Answer 34

reinforcers

Question 35

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Answer 35

primary reinforcer

Question 36

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Answer 36

secondary reinforcer

Question 37

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

Answer 37

positive reinforcement

Question 38

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 38

negative reinforcement

Question 39

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Answer 39

partial reinforcement effect

Question 40

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 40

continuous reinforcement

Question 41

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

Answer 41

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 42

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

Answer 42

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 43

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

Answer 43

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 44

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

Answer 44

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 45

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Answer 45

punishment

Question 46

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 46

punishment by application

Question 47

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

Answer 47

punishment by removal

Question 48

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

Answer 48

shaping

Question 49

tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 49

instinctive drift

Question 50

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.

Answer 50

behavior modification

Question 51

the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Answer 51

token economy

Question 52

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

Answer 52

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Question 53

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.

Answer 53

biofeedback

Question 54

form of biofeedback using brainscanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

Answer 54

neurofeedback

Question 55

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

Answer 55

latent learning

Question 56

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

Answer 56

insight

Question 57

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

Answer 57

learned helplessness

Question 58

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Answer 58

observational learning

Question 59

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.

Answer 59

learning/performance distinction

Question 60

List the four elements of observational learning

Answer 60

Attention, Memory, imitation, desire

Question 61

who developed the law of effect

Answer 61

Thorndike