Memory Flashcards
What is tactile encoding
Encoding what things feel like
What is olfactory encoding
What things smell like
What are ways that help with semantic encoding
Mnemonics
Method of loci
How would you conduct a study to see the different types of encoding used in STM and LTM
Individual groups design
Learn list of words (sound same or different, mean same or different)
Sound same recall after 5 minuets
Mean same recall after one hour
What are the three types of retrieval
Recognition
Cued
Free
What are the three types of long term memory
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
What is our episodic memory
LTM store for personal events
What is our semantic memory
LTM store for knowledge of the world
What is our Procedural memory
LTM store of knowledge of how to do things
Muscle memory
What are the AO3 points for type of LTM
S - patients who suffer from memory loss only lose certain kinds
S - brain scans shown separate locations
W - not a clear difference between episodic and semantic
How is info encoded in the sensory register
Visually
How is info encoded in STM
Acoustically
How is info encoded in LTM
Semantically
What is the capacity of the sensory register
Very large
Cells in the eyes
What is the capacity of STM
7+-2
What is the capacity of LTM
Unlimited
What is the duration of the sensory register
Half a second
What is the duration of STM
18-30 seconds
What is the duration of LTM
Unlimited
What is maintenance rehearsal
The process that keeps information inside STM by circulating the information
What is prolonged rehearsal
How information moves from short term memory to long term memory
What are the AO3 points of the MSM of memory
W - cannot explain flashbulb memories
W - research often uses artificial memory tasks
S - there is evidence for different memory stores
Who studied the serial position curve
Murdock
What did Murdock aim to do
See if memory of words was affected by the position of a word in a list
Who were the sample for murdocks study
103 male and female psychology students
What was Murdock’s method
Ps listened to 20 word lists
Word lists varied from 10-40 words in length
After each list the participants had 90 seconds to recall the words in any order
What were the results of murdocks study
Beginning and end recalled the best (primacy and recency)
Words in the middle were forgotten
What is the primacy effect
Where words at the start of a list are remembered because they are repeated and so go into LTM
What is the recency effect
Where words at the end of a list are remembered because they are learnt recently and so go into STM
What are the AO3 points for murdocks study
S - study was done in strict lab conditions
W - study used artificial material
S - research with amnesiac patients supports the conclusion (dont show primacy)
What are the four main points in the theory of reconstructive memory
Memory is inaccurate
Reconstructive memory
Social and cultural influences
Effort after meaning
What does memory is inaccurate mean
Don’t have accurate recal
Store small fragments of information
when an event is recalled we recombine the pieces to tell story in meaningful way.
What does reconstructive memory mean
Store small fragments of information in LTM
Reassemble during recall
Gaps filled by expectation to make a story that makes sense
What does effort after meaning mean
Focus’s on the general meaning of an event and then make effort to interpret the meaning after
Do this by using info we already know
Sometimes mistakenly remember things that aren’t there bc it makes sense for them to be
What are the AO3 points for reconstructive memory
S - Bartlet research reflects how memory used everyday
S - can explain problems with reliability of EWT
W - not all memory’s are reconstructed
Who did the war of the ghosts study
Bartlet
What was Bartlett’s aim
Use a story from a different culture to see how cultural expectations affect the meaning of an event and
Who were the sample for Bartlett’s study
Students from a a uni in the uk
What was the method for Bartlett’s study
Told the story
15 mins later Ps recalled the story
New participant told the recalled version of the story
This was repeated until the story became fixed
What were the results of Bartlett’s study
Ps remembered different parts of the story
Shortened story
Phrases changed canoe-boat
Recalled version became fixed
What did Bartlett’s conclude
Reconstructive memory’s are Easyer to recall
Only remember small fragments and general meaning and use knowledge to fill in gaps
What are the AO3 points of Bartlett’s study
W - study lacked control (not clear instructions)
W - results were biased
W - study was unusual
What is proactive interference
When an old memory interferes with a new memory causing the new memory to be forgotten
What is retroactive interference
When a new memory interferes with an older memory causing the older memory to be forgotten
How does context affect recall
Context of learning acts as a trigger or cue when recalling info
This improves the accuracy of our memory
What is a false memory
A memory that did not happen but feels true
