memory Flashcards
What is the Multistore Model of Memory?
A model proposing that memories are developed in a linear fashion between separate memory stores and that rehearsal is required to form long-term memories.
What are the three components of the Working Memory Model?
- Central Executive
- Articulatory-Phonological Loop
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
What is the duration and capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?
Duration is up to 30 seconds and capacity is 7+/-2.
How is Long-Term Memory (LTM) characterized?
Encoding is semantic, duration is infinite, and capacity is unlimited.
What does the Central Executive do in the Working Memory Model?
Manages attention and controls information from two ‘slave stores’.
True or False: The Multistore Model of Memory is widely accepted without criticism.
False
What evidence supports the limited duration of STM?
Peterson and Peterson (1959) research.
What is the Articulatory-Phonological Loop responsible for?
Temporarily retains language-based information.
What is the function of the Episodic Buffer?
Facilitates communication between the central executive and long-term memory.
Define Semantic Memories.
Memories of knowledge, facts, and concepts that are not time-stamped and require conscious recall.
What type of memory is demonstrated by knowing how to skate?
Procedural memory
What are the characteristics of Episodic Memories?
- Personal experiences
- Time-stamped
- Context and emotion included
What did the case of HM demonstrate about LTM types?
It supports the existence of distinct LTM types.
What is Proactive Interference?
When old information affects the learning of new information.
What does the encoding specificity principle state?
Memory is most effective when information present at learning is available during recall.
What is State-Dependent Forgetting?
Forgetting that occurs when an individual’s emotional or physical state differs from when the information was learned.
Research by Baddeley and Hitch (1977) supports which type of forgetting?
Retroactive interference
What is the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony?
They can suggest information and cause a change in what witnesses recall.
What was the outcome of Gabbert et al’s (2003) study?
71% of co-witnesses recalled information they had not seen.
What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) investigate?
The impact of leading questions on eyewitness speed estimates.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson effect?
It suggests that moderate anxiety enhances EWT, while high anxiety reduces accuracy.
What did Johnson and Scott (1976) find regarding high anxiety and EWT?
High anxiety was detrimental to the accuracy of eyewitness identification.
What are the four key components of the Cognitive Interview Technique?
- Context Reinstatement
- Report Everything
- Recall from a different perspective
- Recall in reverse order
True or False: The Cognitive Interview always leads to more accurate information being recalled.
False
