Memory Flashcards
Encoding
the process of committing information to memory
Works best when it is deliberate vs passive
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s three systems of memory
sensory –> short term –> long term
Sensory Memory duration
Iconic (visual) = <1s
echoic (audio) = 3-10s
Short term Memory duration
30 seconds
Long term memory duration
Limitless
Chunking
consolidating information to process more of it at once
Priming
memory is brought to the forefront of your mind by a related concept
Levels of processing theory
shallow, intermediate, deep
Self-reference effect
the most effective way to memorize something is to tie it to long term memories that relate to the self
The generation effect
the mnemonics that work best are the ones you create yourself
confabulated memory
when you falsely remember a piece of information because of its close relation to other information within the target context
Declarative memory
long term, explicit
Semantic memory: knowledge
Episodic memory: things that have happened
Non-declarative memory
long term, implicit
Procedural memory - smells, familiarity
Anterograde Amnesia
lesions to the hippocampus
new declarative memories cannot form
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of old declarative memories
Context dependent learning
people are more likely to remember information if they learn it in the same environment where they’ll use it
State dependent learning
the tendency to remember information better when the physical or mental state is the same during encoding and recall
proactive interference
old information interferes with new information
Retroactive interference
new information interferes with old information
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
most forgetting occurs soon after we learn something
Naive realism
our brain mistakenly assumes that its subject perception is a perfect representation of objective reality
Hindsight bias
perceiving past events as being more predictable than they were (clapping example)
Memory conformity
When a group of people witness the same event, their memories converge, inaccurate information is incorporated into everyone’s memories
