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Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the coding of short term memory?

A

Acoustic

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2
Q

What is the coding of long term memory?

A

semantic

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3
Q

what is the definition of capacity?

A

the volume of information which can be kept in a memory store at any one time

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4
Q

who said the capapcity of the STM is 7+/-2 items?

A

Miller

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5
Q

what is duration, by definition?

A

the amount of time information can be stored in each memory store

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6
Q

what is the duration of the short term memory, and what study supports this?

A

18-30 seconds
demonstrated by peterson et al

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7
Q

who found that long term memory duration is unlimited?

A

bahrick

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8
Q

What is this study investigating?

Bahrick et al (1975)
-found photo recognition of graduating classmates of 400 participants decreased from 90% to 70% between 15 and 46 years of graduating

A

duration of long term memory

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9
Q

what did miller find out about capacity of short term memory

A

7+/-2 items, because we remember things in sevens, e.g. 7 days a week, also we can remember things by chunking

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10
Q

Give a study that supports Millers suggestion of short term memory capacity

A

-Jacobs
-Proposed that average letter span is 7.3 and mean digit span we can recall after increasing intervals in 9.3

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11
Q

what is an issue with Jacob’s method

A

-lack of standardisation and scientific method
-confounding variables (e.g. background noise) were not removed, compared to modern Lab studies which are more standardised

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12
Q

What is a strength of Bahrick et al

A

Methology is high in realism with meaningful stimuli, high ecolgical validity because can be applied to real life, the information is of personal and meaningful value

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13
Q

what is an issue with the studies of miller and peterson et al?

A

lab studies with low ecological validity. artificial stimuli with little personal value to the participants. the findings have low real life generalisability

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14
Q

what are the 3 stores of the multistore model of memory

A

sensory register, short term, long term

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15
Q

what are the sub-stores of the sensory register of the short term memory?

A

the 5 senses

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16
Q

what are the 4 features of sensory register of MSM

A

-Unlimited capacity
-half a second duration
-has substores for 5 senses. -Information will only pass to the short term memory if you pay attention to it

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17
Q

4 features of short term memory in MSM

A

-STM is encoded acoustically (Baddley)
- Capacity of 7+/-2 items (Miller)
-Maintenance rehearsal is required for it to enter long term memory, lack of rehearsal causes forgetting
-Duration of 18-30 seconds (Peterson)

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18
Q

Features of LTM memory store in MSM

A

-semantically encoded (associative knowledge)
-unlimited capacity
-very long duration (shown by bahrick et al as atleast 46 years)
-in order to be recalled retreival back to stm must occur

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19
Q

why is MSM reductionist

A

-Doesn’t represent the different types of LTM (procedural and episodic) and assumes all LTM is semantically encoded
-Doesnt represent the different ways LTM can be retrieved, it can be unconcious

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20
Q

Why is MSM potentially flawed about encoding of STM into LTM

A

-The MSM suggests the likelihood of short term passing info to long term depends on the AMOUNT of maintenance rehearsal
-Whereas Craik and Watkins said it is the type of maintenance rehearsal that determines if short term will pass to long term. They suggested elaborative rehearsal (making links with existing knowledge) is more important

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21
Q

What is a strength of the MSM

A

-recognises long term and short term as seperate stores
-recognises difference in duration and capacity between these, as supported by baddeley and miller

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22
Q

what is potentially flawed about STM in MSM

A
  • MSM reduces short term to a single arbritary store
    -KF case study contradicts this as he was shown to have poor STM for auditory but better STM recall for visual
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23
Q

what are the 3 types of long term memory?

A

semantic, episodic, procedural

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24
Q

what are episodic LTM memories

A

personal events that have meaning to us, episodes of time
recalled unconciously

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25
what are semantic LTM memories
knowledge of the world and associative knowledge recalled unconciously
26
what are procedural LTM memories
learned skills such as swimming or driving, requires concious recall from LTM
27
what is a study that supports different types of LTM
Peterson et al, demonstrated episodic memories are recalled from right prefrontal cortex and semantic were recalled from left
28
what is a case study that supports different types of LTM
Clive Wearing, was able to skillfully play the piano, but unable to remember his wife visiting him 5 previously.
29
what does the WMM say about the STM?
It is divided into the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop and episodic buffer, slave systems to the central executive
30
What is the purpose of the central executive in the WMM?
-allocates tasks to the 3 slave systems
31
What are the 2 parts of the phonological loop in WMM?
- Phonological store (inner ear) -Articulatory process (inner voice), which allows maintenance rehearsal
32
what are the 2 parts of the visuospatial sketchpad WMM?
1. Visual cache, stores visual data 2. Inner scribe, organises visual items in relation to where they are
33
What are the 3 slave systems of WMM
Episodic buffer, Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad
34
What is the purpose of the episodic buffer in the WMM?
- Backup store that communicates between the short and long term memory
35
What is a limitation of WMM
-Central executive is not clearly defined with a specific function other than delegating memories to the slave systems
36
What is a strength of WMM and a case study that supports this
less reductionist than other memory models (e.g. msm) because it has a complex understanding of the short term memory supported by KF because he had poor STM for auditory but better for visual, shows there are different types of STM as illustrated in this model
37
What is a limitation of WMM
Simplifies LTM to just one store, whereas Clive Wearing shows this isn't the case as he was able to perform complex music but couldnt remember seeing his wife 5 minutes before, so procedural and episodic would be different
38
What is interference as an explanation for forgetting
when a new memory blocks the recall of another causing forgetting, or distorted perceptions of memories
39
what is proactive interference as an explanation for forgetting
old memories block the recollection of new memories
40
what is retroactive interference as an explanation of forgetting
new memories block the recollection of old memories
41
Outline a study that supports proactive interference as an explanation of forgetting
- Postman (1960) -Lab experiment -Ppt's split into two groups, both groups had to remember a list of paired words, the experimental group had to remember a list of new words. -The experimental group performed worse recall of the original list than the new group, supports proactive interference as an explanation for forgetting
42
A limitation of research into theories of forgetting
Done with lists of words that have no personal meaning to the clients, so lack ecological validity - done in very short time periods, e.g. recall an hour later
43
A strength of research that supports theories of forgetting
-Lab studies with high internal validity because highly controlled conditions -Baddeley and Hitch
44
What is another explanation for forgetting
-Retreival fafilure
45
What is retreival failure as an explanation for forgetting/tulvings encoding specificity principle
Because cues present at the time of encoding aren't present at the time of recall retreival fails
46
What are the two states that act as cues for retrieval?
-context dependant -state dependant
47
what is context dependant forgetting
-cues in the environment present at the time of encoding arent present at recall, e.g. encoding in a classroom and retreiving in an exam hall
48
what is state dependant forgetting
-internal cues present at time of encoding, that arent present at retreival -e.g. if you had glasses on at the time of encoding but not at the time of retreival
49
What study supports state dependant forgetting
-Carter and Cassaday, when ppt's took antihistamines at the time of encoding but not at retrieval they couldnt remember as well -when the conditions (the hayfever tablets in both) matched, retreival increased by 40%
50
What study supports context dependant forgetting and why is it limited
Godden and Baddeley (1975) deep sea diver experiment. Recall at matching conditions was significantly higher (when they had encoding a list of words underwater and recalled also underwater was high) -low ecological validity not representative of real life state dependant forgetting
51
What factors can cause misinformation that affects eye witness testimony
Leading questions and post event discussion
52
outline a study that investigated the effect of leading questions on EWT
Loftus and Palmer, ppt's were shown a car crash video and then had to give speed estimates of the crash, based on the question "how fast were the cars going at the time of the X" (crash, collision, bump etc) those who had been exposed to the word 'smashed' gave a speed estimate on average 9 mph higher than those who had heard 'contacted', also more likely to have reported seeing broken glass, when there wasnt any broken glass
53
Why are leading questions sometimes used?
response bias (e.g. wanting to get a certain response)
54
what are post event disccusions
discussions that take place between witnesses after an event has happened. Subject to the influence of media publicity as well which can contaminate EWT
55
What was Gabbert et al
study supporting that post event discussion leads to inaccurate EWT, matched pairs design saw a crime scene video, each partner given different details, they conferred after the video and there was 70% inaccuracy compared to the control group
56
what is a problem with post event discussions
memory conformity believing other people are right so conforming to their recollection of the event
57
what is a limitation of post event discussion as an explanation for inaccurate EWT
- In the studies on this, demand characteristics may be present as people want to be helpful and provide the answer they think the researcher is looking for, social desirability bias - the studies have low ecological validity as they dont replicate real life factors e.g. the anxiety you would have in a car crash
58
Does anxiety affect EWT?
It increases the accuracy up to a certain point then decreases the accuracy
59
what study demonstrated that anxiety has a negative effect on EWT
Johnson and Scott - Independant measures, one group witnessed crime scene from high anxiety environment, other in low anxiety environment, 16% lower accuracy in high anxiety condition
60
what is 2 limitations of johnson and scott study
-ppt's may be more focused on the weapon than the scenario as this would be what our attention is naturally drawn toward -unethical to put someone through stress of car crash video
61
what study demonstrated anxiety has a positive effect on eye witness testimony
Yuille and Cutshall, real life study of eye witnesses of a shooting in canada were interviewed 6 months later, those who reported high anxiety had most accurate EWT
62
what are the 4 steps of a cognitive interview?
1. Report everything (insig. details could act as retreival cues) 2. Reinstate the context (recall the weather the location the mood) 3. Change the perspective (e.g.g from victim or persecutor) 4. Reverse the order of events
63
limitation of cognitive interview
-limited practical value as is time consuming and requires specialist skills, not realistic for police -however, not all techniques need to be used for it to be beneficial
64
different limitation of cognitive interview
increased incorrect answers by 61% as well as correct by 81%

psychology (9 decks)

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