memory Flashcards
Memory
learning over time through the encoding, storage,
and retrieval of information
Encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system
Retrieval
Process of getting information out of memory storage
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to computer operations
sensory memory
~ Iconic memory: Picture-image memory
* Echoic memory: Sound memory
Working memory
Focuses on conscious, active processing of auditory
visual-
spatial information,
and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Chunking
Organization of items into familiar, manageable units; occurs
automatically
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and
organizational devices
Hierarchies
Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and
subdivided into narrower concepts and facts (such as an outline
format)
explicit memory system (parts of the brain)
HIPPOCAMPUS & FRONTAL LOBES
Semantic memory
Explicit memory of
facts and general knowledge
Episodic memory
Explicit memory of
personally experienced events
IMPLICIT MEMORY SYSTEM
CEREBELLUM & BASAL GANGLIA
Implicit memory
cerebellum plays an important role in forming and storing memories
created by classical conditioning
basal ganglia (a group of structures near the center of the brain that
are involved in motor movement)
Infantile amnesia
babies have underdeveloped hippocampus which are needed to form memories
Kandel and Schwartz
Learning increased the number of synapses.
Priming
Activation, often
unconsciously, of particular
associations in memory
Encoding failure
Attention: Failure to notice or encode contributes to memory failure
Storage decay
Memory for new information decays quickly but then levels off with
time due to lack of rehearsal
(Proactive) Interference
~ Proactive: Older memories
make it more difficult to
remember new information
Retroactive interference
New learning
disrupts memory for older
information
encoding specificity principle
memory most effective when info available at encoding is also present at retrieval
context- dependent memory
information is encoded along with the context in which it was learned making it easier to recall in the same context
amygdala
involved in emotional memories
memory consolidation
occurs during SLEEP which is when the brain transforms short term memories into long term memories
rehearsal
repeating information to keep it in short memory longer
misinformation effect
memory distortion that can happen when misleading information present after an event alters a persons memory of that event
shallow processing
encoding information on a a very basic level
