Memory Flashcards
Memory
an active information-processing system that receives, stores, organises & recovers information.
Encoding
converts information into a useable form (code) that can be stored & represented in the memory system.
Retrieval
locating information stored in memory and bringing it into consciousness when needed.
The three different memory stores
Sensory, Short Term, Long Term memory
Attention
whether the person attends to incoming stimuli
Sensory Memory
The brief and initial stage of memory that captures sensory information
Duration of Sensory Memory
0.2 - 4 seconds
Capacity of Sensory Memory
Relatively unlimited
Selective attention
choosing and attending to a specific stimuli and ignoring the others.
Divided attention
Focusing on two or more activities at the same time
Automatic Processes
Tasks that require low levels of mental processing, involves low awareness, attention, and mental effort.
Controlled Processes
Tasks that require high levels of mental processing, involves high awareness, attention and mental effort.
Short Term Memory
Temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information for a brief period.
Duration of Short Term Memory
18 - 30 seconds
Capacity of Short Term Memory
5 - 9 items
Iconic Memory
Holds the exact replica of visual information
Echoic Memory
Holds the exact replica of auditory information
Duration of Iconic Memory
0.2 - 0.4 seconds
Duration of Echoic Memory
3 - 4 seconds
Capacity of Iconic Memory
Relatively unlimited
Capacity of Echoic Memory
Relatively unlimited
Maintenance Rehearsal
simple rote repetition of information to help retain it in short term memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal
adding meaning to information or linking it to information already stored into long term memory. Helps information to be encoded into long term memory.
Chunking
grouping individual items into smaller chunks or units to increase the capacity of short term memory
Long Term Memory
used for relatively permanent storage of a potential unlimited amount of info.
Capacity of Long Term Memory
Relatively unlimited
Duration of Long Term Memory
Relatively unlimited
Explicit Memory
Memory with awareness (consciously have to be recalled)
Semantic Memory
Facts and Knowledge (Knowing the meaning of a word)
Episodic Memory
Personal experiences and events (Remembering your 10th birthday party)
Implicit Memory
Memory without awareness (happens without conscious thoughts)
Procedural Memory
Motor skills and actions (Knowing how to ride a bike)
Classically Conditioned Memory
Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli (hearing a specific ringtone may make you check your phone each time you hear it)
Context Dependent Cues
Environmental cue in the specific context or environment where the memory was formed, which helps enhance the retrieval of the memory.
State dependent cues
retrieval cues associated with your physiological or psychological state at the time the memory was formed.
Mnemonic device
a technique that aids memory retention
Mnemonic device
a technique that aids memory retention
Mnemonic device
a technique that aids memory retention
Narrative Chaining
involves linking unrelated items to create a story like sequence of events
Acronym
Involves constructing a pronounceable word using the first letter of each word of the information being recalled
Acrostics
Involves constructing a phrase or sentence from words that begin with the first letter of each word of the information being recalled
Method of Loci
involves visualising items to be recalled in a well known series of locations then taking a mental or physical journey through these locations to recall that info
Operant Conditioning
A learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour
Elements of Operant Conditioning
1st Phase: Stimulus
2nd Phase: Behaviour
3rd Phase: Consequence
Positive Reinforcement
Introducing something the organism likes which increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
Negative Reinforcement
Removing an undesirable stimulus increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
Positive Punishment
Introducing an undesirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
Negative Punishment
The removal of a desirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
