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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

an active information-processing system that receives, stores, organises & recovers information.

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2
Q

Encoding

A

converts information into a useable form (code) that can be stored & represented in the memory system.

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

locating information stored in memory and bringing it into consciousness when needed.

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4
Q

The three different memory stores

A

Sensory, Short Term, Long Term memory

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5
Q

Attention

A

whether the person attends to incoming stimuli

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The brief and initial stage of memory that captures sensory information

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7
Q

Duration of Sensory Memory

A

0.2 - 4 seconds

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8
Q

Capacity of Sensory Memory

A

Relatively unlimited

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9
Q

Selective attention

A

choosing and attending to a specific stimuli and ignoring the others.

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10
Q

Divided attention

A

Focusing on two or more activities at the same time

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11
Q

Automatic Processes

A

Tasks that require low levels of mental processing, involves low awareness, attention, and mental effort.

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12
Q

Controlled Processes

A

Tasks that require high levels of mental processing, involves high awareness, attention and mental effort.

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13
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information for a brief period.

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14
Q

Duration of Short Term Memory

A

18 - 30 seconds

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15
Q

Capacity of Short Term Memory

A

5 - 9 items

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16
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Holds the exact replica of visual information

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17
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Holds the exact replica of auditory information

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18
Q

Duration of Iconic Memory

A

0.2 - 0.4 seconds

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19
Q

Duration of Echoic Memory

A

3 - 4 seconds

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20
Q

Capacity of Iconic Memory

A

Relatively unlimited

21
Q

Capacity of Echoic Memory

A

Relatively unlimited

22
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

simple rote repetition of information to help retain it in short term memory.

23
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

adding meaning to information or linking it to information already stored into long term memory. Helps information to be encoded into long term memory.

24
Q

Chunking

A

grouping individual items into smaller chunks or units to increase the capacity of short term memory

25
Q

Long Term Memory

A

used for relatively permanent storage of a potential unlimited amount of info.

26
Q

Capacity of Long Term Memory

A

Relatively unlimited

27
Q

Duration of Long Term Memory

A

Relatively unlimited

28
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory with awareness (consciously have to be recalled)

29
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Facts and Knowledge (Knowing the meaning of a word)

30
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Personal experiences and events (Remembering your 10th birthday party)

31
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memory without awareness (happens without conscious thoughts)

32
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Motor skills and actions (Knowing how to ride a bike)

33
Q

Classically Conditioned Memory

A

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli (hearing a specific ringtone may make you check your phone each time you hear it)

34
Q

Context Dependent Cues

A

Environmental cue in the specific context or environment where the memory was formed, which helps enhance the retrieval of the memory.

35
Q

State dependent cues

A

retrieval cues associated with your physiological or psychological state at the time the memory was formed.

36
Q

Mnemonic device

A

a technique that aids memory retention

37
Q

Mnemonic device

A

a technique that aids memory retention

38
Q

Mnemonic device

A

a technique that aids memory retention

39
Q

Narrative Chaining

A

involves linking unrelated items to create a story like sequence of events

40
Q

Acronym

A

Involves constructing a pronounceable word using the first letter of each word of the information being recalled

41
Q

Acrostics

A

Involves constructing a phrase or sentence from words that begin with the first letter of each word of the information being recalled

42
Q

Method of Loci

A

involves visualising items to be recalled in a well known series of locations then taking a mental or physical journey through these locations to recall that info

43
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

44
Q

Elements of Operant Conditioning

A

1st Phase: Stimulus
2nd Phase: Behaviour
3rd Phase: Consequence

45
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Introducing something the organism likes which increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

46
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing an undesirable stimulus increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

47
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Introducing an undesirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

48
Q

Negative Punishment

A

The removal of a desirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

Psychology (3 decks)

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