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Cognitive psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is everyday memory?

A
  • Memory phenomena people experience in normal life
    Autobiographical memory - memory for events in one’s own life
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2
Q

What is schema?

A
  • integrated knowledge structure for things.
  • Captures commonly encountered aspects of life
  • provided based on knowledge of the world
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3
Q

What are the 4 aspects of restaurant schema?

A

Schema relevant:
Better memory than schema - irrelevant

Schema- congruent:
Schema can provide retrieval cues

Schema- Incongruent
Elaboration, attracted attention

Schema irrelevant
No good memory

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4
Q

What is childhood amnesia

A

Lack of autobiographical memories from first 3 years of life

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5
Q

What is Freuds explanation for childhood amnesia?

A

Repression of sexual feelings towards parents

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6
Q

What is the neurological explanation for childhood amnesia?

A

Hippocampus and frontal lobes still developing

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7
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

There are lots of memories from age 15- 25

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8
Q

What are the 3 explanations for the reminiscence bump?

A

Neurological view
- Brain “peak” - brain is neither maturing nor declining

Identity formation view
- Time of important decisions (which also shape future)
- Sense of adult identity

Cognitive view
- Primacy effect: better memory for first time events, less proactive interference (old memories interfere with new memories)

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9
Q

State 3 reasons why autobiographical memory may be unreliable?

A
  • Truthful only to the gist of actual experiences
  • When we remember things we tend to place ourselves at the centre of an event
  • We tend to present a favourable view of our present self (current goals and beliefs)
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10
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A
  • Highly detailed and memories for surprising events that are relatively resistant to forgetting
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11
Q

What does research say about flashbulb memories

A
  • most research does not show higher accuracy or consistency and has the same rate of forgetting for other memories.
  • But people believe these memories are more accurate, because they are distinctive from other events
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12
Q

What is the expertise hypothesis of why
Cross- racial identification is harder than inter- racial identification?

A

More experienced in distinguishing faces that are from our own race

Cross race effect can be eliminated by just instructing someone to pay close attention to all the faces n

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13
Q

What is the social cognitive hypothesis of why cross- racial identification is harder than inter- racial identification?

A

We engage in more thorough facial processing of faces from our in- group than our out- group

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14
Q

What are the 4 factors influencing eye witness testimony?

A

Perceptual stage

Encoding stage

Storage stage

Retrieval stage

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15
Q

What is the perceptual stage? of factors effecting ewt

A

Darkness, distance, duration

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16
Q

What is the encoding stage? of factors effecting ewt

A

Stress, violence

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17
Q

What is the Storage stage? of factors effecting ewt

A

Time (decay, interference)

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18
Q

What is the retrieval stage? of factors effecting ewt

A

Questioning, expectations, misremembering

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19
Q

What are the two main models of memory?

A

Multi- store model of memory
Working memory

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20
Q

What is the 5 step process of the multi store memory model?

A
  1. Sensory input goes into sensory memory store
  2. Through Attention that memory is put into STM
  3. Through maintenance rehearsal it is kept in STM
  4. Through prolonged rehearsal it is transferred into LTM
  5. Memory from LTM to STM is called retrieval
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21
Q

What is the function of the sensory memory story for the MSM model?

A

to keep sensory information in mind so we can attend to it

Duration 250-500ms

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22
Q

What are the 5 stores in sensory memory?

A

Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Haptic memory
Olfactory memory
Gustatory memory

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23
Q

What is iconic memory for?

A

vision
- large capacity

24
Q

What is Echoic memory for?

A

hearing

25
Q

What is haptic memory for?

A

for touch

26
Q

What is Olfactory memory?

A

for smell

27
Q

What is Gustatory memory?

A

for taste

28
Q

What is the function of the short term memory store in the MSM model?

A
  • Consciously process the information from sensory memory
  • Attention is key
29
Q

What is the capacity of the short term memory store in the MSM model?

A

Capacity = 7(plus and minus 2) items
Chunking = putting information together to remember

30
Q

What is the duration of the short term memory store in the MSM model?

A

Duration = limited
if not rehearsed info is lost within 15- 20 seconds
The longer the delay the more forgotten

31
Q

What is the function of the long term memory store in the MSM model?

A

Organises and store information
Capacity = unlimited
Duration = permanent

32
Q

Give two criticisms of the MSM model

A
  • Information in STM does not need to be processed consciously
  • Rehearsed info does not necessarily transfer to LTM
33
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Old memories interfere with new ones

34
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New memories interfere with old ones

35
Q

What is the working memory model?

A

An explanation for how STM works

36
Q

What are the 4 components of the WMM?

A

Central executive
Phonological loop
Episodic buffer
Visuo spatial sketchpad

37
Q

What is the role of the central executive?

A

Attentional system: maintains task goals and goal related information
- Most important and active component
Capacity = limited

38
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Temporary storage of speech like information

2 primary structures
Phonological store (“inner ear”)

Articulatory loop (“inner voice”

39
Q

What is the phonological store?

A

“inner ear”
Temporary store
Limited in duration and capacity

40
Q

What is the articulatory loop?

A

“inner voice”
Active rehearsal component
Linked to speech

41
Q

What is the visuo- spatial sketchpad?

A
  • System for setting up and manipulating images and spatial movement

Two components
Visual cache
Inner scribe

42
Q

What is the visual cache?

A

visual info about shape & colour
(the “what”)

43
Q

What is the inner scribe?

A

spatial & movement information
(the “where”)

44
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A
  • Can integrate information into a single episode
    Interacts with both perception and LTM
45
Q

What is long term memory split into?

A

Declarative (explicit)
Nondeclarative (implicit)

46
Q

What is declarative long term memory?

A
  • explicit
  • Fact & events
  • Top down memory
  • Semantic memory = knowledge about the world
    Episodic memory = recollection of events in own life
    Conscious memory = people can retrieve the information and they know if they have retrieved the correct info
47
Q

What is Nondeclarative long term memory?

A
  • Bottom up memory
  • Priming
  • Procedural knowledge (skills and habits)
    Unconscious memory = people can demonstrate this such as skill, but cannot explicitly retrieve the information
48
Q

What does priming do for memory?

A
  • Activates an association or representation in memory just before another stimulus or task is introduced
49
Q

What is Dementia?

A
  • General loss of function
  • Progressive, irreversible and results in death
  • Memory loss and effects on language functioning are the main symptoms
    Aphasia
    Apraxia
    Agnosia
50
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

language impairments

51
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

motor memory impairments

52
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

sensory memory impairments

53
Q

What is degenerative dementia?

A

have a degree of genetic cause (cortical and subcortical)

53
Q

What is non degenerative dementia?

A

a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse origin

54
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Degenerative (cortical)
  • Progressive stages (early, middle, late)
  • Memory impairments
  • Visuospatial impairments
  • Executive function impairments

Cognitive psychology (4 decks)

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