Memory

Question 1

what is the capacity, duration and coding for the sensory register memory store and state the psychologists who completed a study on it

Answer 1

capacity: unlimited (Sperling)
duration: less than half a second (Sperling and Baddeley)
coding: modality specific (Chowder)

Question 2

what is the capacity, duration and coding for the short term memory store and state the psychologists who completed a study on it

Answer 2

capacity: 5-9 items (jacobs)
duration: 18-30 seconds (Peterson and Peterson)
coding: Acoustic (Baddeley)

Question 3

what is the capacity, duration and coding for the long term memory store and state the psychologists who completed a study on it

Answer 3

capacity: unlimited (wagenaar)
duration: few minutes to a lifetime (bahrick et al)
coding: semantic (baddeley

Question 4

who designed the multi stage memory model

Answer 4

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 5

What is the sensory register

Answer 5

picks ups information from the 5 senses and has a store for each sense

Question 6

explain the multistage memory model

Answer 6

1) info comes into the sensory register from the environment
2) if this information is not attended to it does not register
3) if attended to it will move to the Short term memory store
4) in the short term memory store info can be lost via decay or displacement
5) through rehearsal the info from the STM can move into the LTM
6) once in the LTM it can come back into the STM via retrieval
7) however it can be lost due to interference or decay

Question 7

Who designed the working memory model

Answer 7

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 8

explain the working memory model

Answer 8

• the working memory is the use of our STM that is used when we are working on a task and we are both processing and storing information simultaneously
• it consists of the central executive that controls the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad which are referred to as slave systems, and to decide what we pay attention to and what to ignore
• The phonological loop is responsible for processing sound based information and consists of two components (articulatory process and the phonological store)
  ^the articulatory process is also known as the inner voice as it rehearses verbal sounds (helps to prep speech
  ^the phonological store also known as the inner ear and is responsible for receiving and storing sounds (speech perception)
• The visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for visual and spatial information
  ^consists of the inner scribe (spatial and movement information) and visual cache (visual info like colour)
• episodic buffer integrates information from all the components in the model as well as info from the LTM
  ^can store both visual and verbal based info

Question 9

name 3 types of long term memory

Answer 9

-episodic
-semantic
-procedural

Question 10

Describe episodic memory

Answer 10

refers to a personal experience
- time and a place
- conscious effort is needed to recall the memory
- Example: family holiday, first day at school

Question 11

Describe semantic memory

Answer 11

information that is known to everyone
- requires conscious recall
- starts off as episodic
- Example: capital of England is London

Question 12

Describe Procedural memory

Answer 12

• skills and knowing how to do it
• muscle memory
• no conscious recollection
• developed through repetition
• Example: tying shoe laces

Question 13

What are the two explanations for forgetting

Answer 13

• interference theory
• retrieval failure

Question 14

Describe the interference theory

Answer 14

• suggests that forgetting occurs due to two memories competing
• the greater the level of similarity the more likely we are to get confused

two ways it can happen :

Proactive - already stored information interferes with the attempt to store new info (Peterson and Peterson)

Retroactive - new info interferes with old info that is already stored (postman)

Question 15

Describe the retrieval failure theory

Answer 15

• states that we forget because we lack the correct prompts or cues to recall the information
• two types of cues and prompts (contextual - environment, state - how we feel)
• to help us recall info, cues that are present at the time of learning also need to be present at the time of retrieval
• context: we forget if we do not have the same environmental cues during retrieval
• state: we forget if we do not have the same internal (feeling) cues during retrieval
  ^more likely to remember if we are in the same emotional state as we learnt it in

Question 16

What is a leading question

Answer 16

• a question that either by its form or content suggest to the witness what answer is desired or leads him or her to the desired answer

Question 17

What is the key study on leading questions and explain it

Answer 17

• Loftus and palmer
• carried out two experiments

1) Experiment (speed of car)
- 45 students shown traffic accidents
- each accident had a Questionaire and a critical question
- the critical question asked at what speed where the cars going when they smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted with each other?

^results: smashed had the highest speed

2) Experiment (broken glass)
- shown accidents
- asked to come back one week later and answer questions
- one was a critical question
- “did you see any broken glass” yes or no

^findings: the critical question (leading question, did change the memory of some of the participants)

Question 18

describe the post event discussion using the two components

Answer 18

• conforming effect: recollection influenced by discussion with others
• Repeat interviewing: comments from interviewer will affect recollection

Question 19

Describe anxiety and the affect it has on accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Answer 19

• stress reduces performance in complexed tasks (negatively affects accuracy or memory)

Question 20

Describe yerkes and dodson inverted u theory

Answer 20

• inverted u theory suggest that

Question 21

What study can be used to explain the affect of anxiety on an eye witness testimony and explain it

Answer 21

• Johnson and scott
• Weapon faces effect reduces accuracy of face identification
• 2 scenarios: people in a waiting room and man runs through
  *man with a knife and blood (high anxiety)
  *man with a greasy pen (low anxiety)
• participants were later asked to identify the man based on a set of photos

findings: mean accuracy for the pen was 49% where as the mean accuracy for the knife was 33%

Question 22

what evidence is there that anxiety could have a positive affect on accuracy

Answer 22

• Christianson and Hubinette
  *swedish bank robbery
• those who were most anxious had the best recall

Question 23

what did Deffenbacher suggest when he reviewed 21 studies of the effects of anxiety on eyewitness memory

Answer 23

• moderate anxiety = high accuracy
• extreme High/Low anxiety = low accuracy

Question 24

Describe the process of a Cognitive interview

Answer 24

• developed by Geiselman
  1) mental reinstatement of original context (environment)
  2) report everything (every detail)
  3) change order (reduces effect of schemas)
  4) change perspective