Memory Flashcards
Capacity of LTM and STM
STM 7+-2 researched by miller using fidget span technique concluded that stm is limited and has capacity of 5-9 items
LTM capacity is unlimited and little research in area as it’s difficult to measure
Duration of STM AND LTM
STM research by Peterson and Peterson that found duration is 18-30 seconds. Consonant trigram and then count back from the shown number in 3s after certain amount of seconds 3,6,9,12,18, had to recall the trigram concluded that after 3 90% recalled but after 18s only 2% recalled
LTM: duration is unlimited bahrick et al. 392 participants age 17-74 to recall people they went to high school with and shown 50 photos to see if they recognised them after 15 yrs 60% accurately recalled 90% recognition 48yrs free recall 30% 70% recognition concluded that LTM could be unlimited jsut promos are needed to retrieve
Coding of LTM AND STM +meaning
STM acoustic
LTM semantic
Research into STM AND LTM coding
STM: badly when patients were presented with acoustically similar works there were more errors than when he presented acoustically similar. Concluded that this was because of the confusion based on how the words sounded therefore suggests STM is acoustically coded
LTM baddeley found when he presented people with semantically similar words, there were more errors than when he presented them with semantically different words. Concluded this was because the meaning of the words cause confusion due to being similar therefore suggested that LTM is endorsed semantically
Evaluation of STM AND LTM capacity coding and duration
High control over variables : conducted in a controlled setting e.g lavatory
Easy to replicate due to the controlled setting therefore can be generalised for consistency and tested to be reliable
Low ecological validity/ mundane realism. Doesn’t represent real life memory activities this problem because the findings may not be representative of real life stm and LTM
Description of multi store model
Atkinson and shiffrin - unitary stores
Sensory register coded from any modality large capacity duration milliseconds. Info lost due to decay
Info go into stm if attention if payed
STM accoustic 5-9 items 18-30 capacity
STM can be lost through displacement and decay maintanece rehersal needed in order to stay in long term memory
LTM semantically coded unlimited duration and capacity
Elaborate rehersal neeed to turn stm into LTM
Retinal is needed for LTM to enter stm
Can be lost due to retinal failure and interference
Evaluation of msm
Strength: kf motorcycle accused damaged his verbal stm fidget down of 2 but his LTM memory stay intact shows that there are different stores
Weakness from kf
Shoes that stm isn’t unitary like s+a said as he lost his verbal stm but his visual stm wasn’t affected
Goes against the view that stm is unitary.
Murdock
Recency effect and primary effect
He found that people are more likely to remeber words at the start and end of a list of words. Primary effect remembering start words. Recency remembering end words this supports that there is sepreate stm. And the words in the middle are lost due to little time rehersal
Brain scanning proved that LTM had different types.
There are three different types of LTM episodic procedural and semantic
Weakness that LTM isn’t unitary from Clive wearing
Got a viral infection which ate away his blood brain Barrier lead to brain damage. He lost his episodic memory but still had his procedural could remeber how to play piano. Suggests that LTM isn’t unitary and that is made up of different sores
Description of working memory model
Baddeley and hitch’s replaced the idea that stm is unitary and that its lore active and complex and that it can complete two different tasks at one time
Central executive code Andy modality limited storage but delegate into into 3 slave systems
3SLAVE SYSTEMS
phonological loop temporary storage for acoustics info
Pholnological store speech perception reversed sounds
Articulately process speech production rehearses words
Visuospatial sketchpad
Codes visual and verbal info 3-4 times limited capacity
Episodic buffer storage component of episodic buffer limited capacity code any modality
Evaluation of wmm
Evidence to supports stm isn’t unitary
Kf
Not unitary come from dual task research
Struggling to complete two similar tasks e.g two visual yet u can complete a visual task and a verbal as it uses two different slave systems
Brain scaling shows that different areas of the brain are used when doing visual and verbal tasks. Supports the view that visual and verbal are different physical structures.
Real life applications allows for psychologists to develop specific memory training to improve verbal memiry
Negative little known about the episodic buffer
Despite is being the most important component of the wmm it has little research and little knowledge is known about it. Problem because it shows the wmm is an incomplete model and doesn’t fully explain the functions of working memory
Types of long term memory
Tulving
Episodic memory
personal experiences e.g wedding birthdays I remeber when explicit time stamped reference to time
Concious effort
Semantic memory
Knowledge e.g facts I know that
Have to make conscious effort to recall
Procedural memory
Not time stamped implicit skills or actions referred to muscle memory automatic as result of repeated practice recall without making conscious effort to recall
Evaluation of LTM
Support for tulving from Clive wearing he lost his episodic memory but procedural still in tact after viral infection leading to brain damage he could till play the piano but had no memory of his wedding
LTM isn’t unitary and has several stores
Problem brain damaged patient are rare may not be representative of everyone’s memory therefore lovwers the external validity ecological validity limiting the extent of finding that can be used and generalised
Support brain scanning
pet scan tulving found that episodic and procedural memory we’re draw from seperate parts of the brain postitve as shows that different types of LTM are physically different
Problem 4 th type of long term memeoty
Priming implicit memories problem as it suggested that LTM is more complex
Strength real life applications
Allows for psychologists to target certain kinds of memory allow to develop memory by training to specifically improve a type of LTM mostly affected by cognitive impairment strength because it can benefit the economy and help
Suffering people
Explanations to forgetting what are the two types
Forgetting due to interference occurs when memory is situated
Retroactive interfere when the new info Marion displace the old info
Proactive interference when the old info displaces the new info
Evaluations for interference causing forgetting
McGrath and McDonald found that when learnt a work list 100% the more similar the new word list was the poorer their recall of the new original lists this is an example of retroactive interference.
Underwood meta analysis earlier words list were disrupted by learning the new info in the later word lists supports the idea of proactive interference
Problem w r and p explanations are meaningless. Some they are conducted in lavatory settings, the material of findings doesn’t reflect much kind of info that we are exposed to to in real life senarios.
Retrieval failure due to absence of cues
Context dependent inability to retrieve memory due to absence of environmental trigger
State dependent
Inability to retrieve memory due to being in a different mental state when trying to retrieve the info
Evaluations of retrieval failure
Golden and baddeley found that when scuba divers were asked a set of words either on land or in water when the learning context didn’t match the retinal context, they forgot more . Positive as it supports that retrieval failure occurs in a range of contexts
Real world applications it can be used to reduce forgetting failure to recall in real life smith clearly demonstrates that positive application can improve memory and the lives of people
Goodwin et al male volunteers that learn a word list when drunk and asked to recall the list when sober, were unable to recall as many when the leaving and retrieval stars were the same. Posture because it shows that there is evidence that retrieval failure occurs in many contexts.
