MEMORY

Question 1

STM- duration.

Answer 1

18-30s
PETERSON + PETERSON.
-24 participants.
-Consonant syllable + 3 digit no.
-Count backwards (stopped at 3, 6, 9, 12 ,15, 18secs)
findings=
-3secs= most accurate.
-18secs= least accurate.

Question 2

STM- Capacity.

Answer 2

JACOBS DIGIT SPAN TEST.
- Pp recalls number/ letter + no. of digits increases each time.
- Mean no. recalled= 7.
MILLER MAGIC NO.7.
- Discovered most things measured in 7.
- Capacity 7 +/- 2 items.

Question 3

STM + LTM - Coding.

Answer 3

BADDELY.
- Pp’s shown 4 lists of 10 words.=
Acoustically similar + dissimilar.
Semantically similar.
- STM= Acoustically.
- LTM= Semantically.

Question 4

LTM - Duration.

Answer 4

BAHRICK.
- 392 Americans (17-74 years).
- High school year book.
- Tested recall (photo recognition + free recall).
- PR= more accurate.
DURATION= unlimited / up to a lifetime.

Question 5

LTM- Capacity.

Answer 5

UNLIMITED.

Question 6

Multi-store model of memory.

Answer 6

uygtyfiy

Question 7

EVALUATION OF MSM.

Answer 7

+ R.S- GLANZER AND CUNITZ.
+ R.S- BADDELY.- Diff memory stores.
- QUALITY OF R.S- Artificial materials.
- RESEARCH REFUTING.- Warrington- KF.

Question 8

GLANZER AND CUNITZ.

Answer 8

AIM= To test structure + process of STM.
PROCEDURE= Pp showed list of 20 words.
- Recalled words.
FINDINGS= Primacy (remembered words at start) + recency (remembered words at the end) effect.
- Effects explains MSM.

Question 9

WORKING MEMORY MODEL.- C.E.

Answer 9

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE.
-Supervisory role.
- Co-ordinates 3 subsystems.
- Allocates data to slave systems.
- Limited capacity.
- No storage.

Question 10

WMM.- VS.S.

Answer 10

• Visual + spatial information.
• ‘Inner eye’.
• 3-4 object capacity.
• Visual cache= storage.
• Inner scribe= spatial.

Question 11

WMM.- E.B.

Answer 11

• Verbal + visual information integrated.
• Bridge between CE + LTM.
• Limited capacity (4 chunks).

Question 12

WMM.- P.L.

Answer 12

• Auditory + written info.
• Stores words you can hear.
• Articulatory process= allows maintenance.
• Duration= 2 seconds.

Question 13

EVALUATION OF WMM.

Answer 13

+ R.S- BADDLEY= group 1 (visual+ verbal)
group 2 (visual + visual)- G1= processed quicker.
- QUALITY OF R.S- Researcher bias.
+ R.S FOR SUBSYSTEMS- KF.
- QUALITY OF R.S (KF)- Sample bias- Case study.
- CE= Too vague.

Question 14

TYPES OF LTM (Tulving).

Answer 14

• EPISODIC= Memories of events, places + people. (Time stamped+ conscious effort to recall).
• PROCEDURAL= Motor skill memories. (No conscious effort).
• SEMANTIC= Memories of facts + knowledge.

Question 15

EVALUATION OF LTM.

Answer 15

+ R.S- Clive wearing.
- R.S CRITICISED.- Case study.
- R.s LACK CONTROL OF EV.
+ PRACTICAL APPLICATION.- Early intervention.

Question 16

EXPLAINATIONS FOR FORGETTING.

Answer 16

1. Interference theory.
2. Retrieval failure.

Question 17

INTERFERENCE THOERY.

Answer 17

• Forgetting because one memory blocks another, causing distortion/ forgotten memories.
• Likely to occur when 2 memories stored at different times.
• 2 TYPES=
  PROACTIVE. (old memory interferes with new).
  RETROACTIVE. (new memory interferes with old).

Question 18

MCGEOCH + MCDONALD.

Answer 18

• Testing retroactive memory.
• PP learnt list of 10 words until they could 100% recall.
• Learnt a new list. (Synonyms, antonyms, unrelated adjectives, nonsense syllables, numbers, non-related).
• Asked to recall original list.
  FINDINGS=
• Interference strongest when memories are similar.

Question 19

EVALUATION OF INTERFERENCE THEORY.

Answer 19

+ R.S- MCGEOCH+ MCDONALD.
- OPPOSING THEORY- RETRIEVAL FAILURE.
- R.S- LAB EXP-LACK EV.

Question 20

RETRIEVAL FAILURE.

Answer 20

• A form of forgetting that occurs when we do not have cues to access memory.
  ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE.
• Tulving= Cue present at encoding isn’t present during recall.
• Cue= Triggers memory. 2 TYPES.

Question 21

CONTEXT DEPENDANT CUES.

Answer 21

• Recall depends on external cues e.g. place, weather.
  GODDEN + BADDLEY.
• Learning + recall of deep sea divers.
• 4 Conditions.
• Best recall= Learnt + recall in same place (context dependant cues present).

Question 22

STATE DEPENDENT CUES.

Answer 22

• Recall depends on internal cues e.g. emotional/ physical state (drugs/ drink).
  CARTER + CASSADAY.
• Learning + recall using antihistamines.
• 4 Conditions.
• Best recall= state dependent cues present.

Question 23

EVALUATION OF RETRIEVAL FAILURE.

Answer 23

+ R.S - Godden+ Baddeley/ carter + Cassaday.
- QUALITY OF R.S.- Lacks ecological validity.
+ PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS- revision cues.
- Opposing theory- interference.

Question 24

EYE-WITNESS TESTIMONY.

Answer 24

• Ability for someone to accurately recall events they have observed e.g. crime, accident.

Question 25

FACTORS AFFECTING EWT.

Answer 25

• Anxiety.
• Misleading questions.

Question 26

MISLEADING INFORMATION.

Answer 26

• Incorrect info given to an ew.
• LEADING QUESTIONS.
• POST- EVENT DISCUSSIONS.

Question 27

LEADING QUESTIONS.

Answer 27

• A question which suggests a certain answer due to the way it is phrasing.
  LOFTUS + PALMER.
• 45 participants.
• Questionnaire.
• Pp watched a video of car crash from different p.o.v.
• ‘How fast was the car when they ___?’
  FINDINGS=
• Crashed= lowest mph.
• Smashed= highest mph.
• Questions can distort memory + perception.

Question 28

POST-EVENT DISCUSSION.

Answer 28

• More than one witness discussing events, influencing accuracy of recall.
  GABBERT ET AL.
• 2 Experimental groups.
• Watched clips from diff perspective.
• One group discussed.
  FINDINGS=
• 71% of pp who discussed recalled event sot seen.
• 0% inaccurate recall in control group.
• P.E.D causes inaccuracies in ewt.

Question 29

ANXIETY- J+S.

Answer 29

JOHNSON + SCOTT.
- Lab study.
- Pp in waiting room.
- Overheard either: conversation (low a) or argument + smashed glass (high a).
- Man exits holding either: pen with grease or knife with blood.
- Pp shown 50 photos + asked to identify.
- Low anxiety= best recall.
- Weapon focus affect= Ew only focuses on ‘weapon’ + not other objects.

Question 30

ANXIETY DEFINITION.

Answer 30

• State of emotional and physical arousal.

Question 31

ANXIETY- Y+C.

Answer 31

Yuille + Cutshall.
- 13/21 witnesses of gun shop shooting interviewed immediately after + 5 months later.
- Questioned on stress levels and any emotional issues.
- Compared reports from both interviews.
- Accuracy determined by no. of details.
- Best recall= high anxiety.

Question 32

EVALUATION OF ANXIETY.

Answer 32

+ R.S- Y+C/ J+S.
- Quality of Y+C.- lacks control.
- Quality of J+S.- lab.
- Informed consent.

Question 33

COGNITIVE INTERVIEWS.

Answer 33

• A method of interviewing e.w to help recall accurate memories.
• Developed by Fisher + Gieselman.
• Based on psychological principles.
• Allows memories to be accessed using multiple techniques.

Question 34

COGNITIVE INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES.

Answer 34

1. Report everything.
2. Reinstate the context.
3. Reverse the order.
4. Change perspective.

Question 35

C.I - TECHNIQUE 1.

Answer 35

REPORT EVERYTHING.
- Encourage to include every detail including those deemed unnecessary.
- Trivial details may be important and help trigger others.

Question 36

TECHNIQUE 2.

Answer 36

REINSTATE THE CONTEXT.
- Mentally return to original crime scene.
- Imagine environment. e.g. weather, visual, emotions.

Question 37

TECHNIQUE 3.

Answer 37

REVERSE THE ORDER.
- Recalled in a different chronological order.
- Prevents reporting expectations of what happened.

Question 38

TECHNIQUE 4.

Answer 38

CHANGE PERSPECTIVE.
- Recall from diff p.o.v.
- Prevents expectations.
- Schemas could generate false info.