Memory

Question 1

Distinctions between memory and learning

Answer 1

memory is not necessarily permanent. not observable and it comes from a different school (cognitive)

Question 2

What is memory?

Answer 2

memory is learned information that has been stored and can be retrieved

Question 3

3 steps of memory

Answer 3

1. Encode: the process by which information gets into memory
2. storage: retain the information (hold/store)
3. retrieval: get information out; three ways to measure (recall, recognition, learning)

Question 4

Computer model

Answer 4

memory is like a computer; info translated into language by the brain and then stored and retrieved as needed.

Question 5

Problems with computer model

Answer 5

human memory is biased, emotion is a huge piece to memory, context dependent memory, we process everything at once (parallel processing), and our memory is limitless

Question 6

3-stage model

Answer 6

we record info as sensory memories; fractions to several seconds. memories are processed further into STM; up to 30 seconds. If rehearsed, they move into LTM, up to lifetime. May be more representative of human memory, but still has its problems.

Question 7

Problems with 3-stage memory

Answer 7

info may not have to proceed through the first two steps

Question 8

Flashbulb memories

Answer 8

are specifically about events affecting society; but other autobiographical events can be just vivid. people may be more confident than accurate.

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

the process by which info gets into memory (learning)

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

when we consciously attend to info, and we use effort to process it. Examples: studying for a test, driving somewhere you’ve never been to, building something with instructions

Question 11

Automatic processing

Answer 11

when info processed below awareness; it is not effortful, but we may show memory for at least in short-term. Examples: what you had for breakfast, walking to class, typing

Question 12

Depth of processing

Answer 12

Shallow: physical features
Intermediate: how a word sounds
Deep: the meaning

Question 13

Imagery

Answer 13

easy to recall if you know how to picture it in your mind. effective for encoding because it makes you pay attention more. people remember past experiences with the most vivid image. Example: theme park

Question 14

Elaboration

Answer 14

Comparing new info to something you already have in memory store. Can be done at different depths of processing. “mom” example. makes information self-relevant like thinking about your own mom

Question 15

Sensory memory

Answer 15

System which holds info in its sensory form (touch, hear, smell, taste, see). lasts bout the same time you experience it. Examples: sight and sounds on your way to class. Might only be aware of half of what you experience

Question 16

Iconic

Answer 16

sensory memory for visual stimuli; fleeting photographic memory. Lasts about 1/4 second

Question 17

Echoic

Answer 17

Sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Lasts up to several seconds

Question 18

Working memory

Answer 18

Holds information temporarily. Duration is brief (30 seconds) without rehearsal

Question 19

Long-term memory

Answer 19

relatively permanent type of memory; stores huge amounts of info (unlimited)

Question 20

Explicit memory

Answer 20

conscious recollection of facts and events; can be verbally communicated/recalled

Question 21

Episodic

Answer 21

Self-relevant, autobiographical

Question 22

Semantics

Answer 22

world knowledge, meanings, school learnings

Question 23

Implicit memory

Answer 23

prior memories that may influence you cannot consciously recall or verbally communicate

Question 24

procedural memory

Answer 24

memory for action or skills

Question 25

Where does memory reside?

Answer 25

memory does not reside in a single spot in the brain. animal studies suggested that.

Question 26

Long-term potentiation

Answer 26

studies with humans show increased firing potential across the brain when new information is encoded

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

important for new explicit info; loading dock (names, events, etc.). When we sleep hippocampus is active memories sit there waiting to be processed into LTM

Question 28

Cerebellum

Answer 28

Important for implicit memories (coordination) (typing, swimming, etc.)

Question 29

Amygdala

Answer 29

emotional memories (stimulate and produce fear, etc.) (flash memories)

Question 30

Recall

Answer 30

retrieve info learned earlier, as in a fill in the blank test

Question 31

Recognition

Answer 31

identify or pick out items previously learned as in multiple choice test

Question 32

Relearning

Answer 32

the faster an individual relearns the info, the better their memory. We remember things even if we don’t think we remember them

Question 33

How does performance on tests of recall relate to performance on tests of recognition?

Answer 33

Individuals score better on recognition than recalling

Question 34

What is a retrieval cue?

Answer 34

Things that are associated with it when it was learned

Question 35

What are the best retrieval cues?

Answer 35

The place you were in, state of mind, state dependent

Question 36

Contextual effect

Answer 36

you can better remember something while in that same state again

Question 37

Land and water example

Answer 37

Told people to remember something on land then while in water, vice versa. Then did it again but with water/water and land/land, they recalled better this time

Question 38

Misinformation effect

Answer 38

subtle misleading information can influence the recall of an experience or create new memories

Question 39

Traffic example

Answer 39

Showed a traffic film. 4 different questions, reworded by one word. the word smashed was the highest and the word contacted was the lowest. influences recall. 2 weeks later asked if broken glass was seen. the people who were asked with the smash in the question were more likely to stay there was when there wasn’t

Question 40

Mall technique example

Answer 40

participants were given four stories of childhood events (one was false). asked to remember as much as possible over the next 6 days. a quarter of people said the true story was being lost since it’s easy to remember, which was the one that was actually false.