Memory Flashcards
what are the three processes of memory?
- storage
- encoding
- retrieval
storage
when info is kept in your brain for a period of time
encoding
translating information into a form that can be understood by the brain
retrieval
when information is located in the brain and brought back
what are the three types of encoding?
- visual encoding
- acoustic encoding
- semantic encoding
visual encoding
how it looks
acoustic encoding
how it sounds
semantic encoding
in terms of meaning
what are the three types of retrieval?
- recognition
- cued recall
- free recall
recognition
remembering, as you’ve seen it before
cued recall
when you’re struggling to recall information you need a cue to help locate information
free recall
ability to recall information without any cues
outline Baddeley’s study of encoding
A: to investigate the difference between the type of encoding for STM and LTM
M: -4 groups, each with a list of words
-each group were read 12 sets of 5 words (one second for each word)
-dissimilar and similar sounding words were recalled immediately whereas words with dissimilar and similar meaning were recalled after 20 minutes
R: -recalled acoustically similar words worst compared to acoustically dissimilar words
-lower recall for semantically similar words compared to semantically dissimilar words
C:-encode acoustically in STM
-encode semantically in LTM
strength of Baddeley’s study of encoding
*hearing test
P- extraneous variables were controlled well
E- hearing was controlled by giving participants a hearing test
L-more certain that the type of words is what affected recall
weakness of Baddeley’s study of encoding
*sometimes visual
P- encoding in STM doesn’t always involve sound
E-other studies have found that if pictures are used rather than words visual encoding is used
L- information doesn’t just go into STM in acoustic form
weakness of Baddeley’s study of encoding
*not tested
P- LTM may not have been tested
E- waiting for 20 min doesn’t mean the words are in LTM
L- lacks validity
what are two other types of encoding?
- olfactory: memory for smell
- tactile: memory of what things feel to touch
what are the three types of LTM
- episodic
- semantic
- procedural
episodic
experiences
semantic
knowledge of the world
procedural
how to do things
strength of different types of LTM
*locations
P-brain scans show that different types of LTM relate to different brain locations
E-eg. episodic memory is found in the right prefrontal cortex
L-shows there are different types of LTM
strength of different types of LTM
*amnesic
P-supported by case studies of amnesic patients
E-eg. Clive Wearing lost most of his episodic memory but not his procedural as he could still play the piano
L-shows there are different types of LTM
weakness of different types of LTM
*too simple
P- distinctive types of LTM are difficult to separate
E- memory is usually a mixture of types (no clear difference between episodic and semantic memories)
L- having different types of LTM may be an oversimplification