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PYSCHOLOGY > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

who first proposed the multi store model of memory

A

first proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1950s)

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2
Q

draw the multi store model of memory

A
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3
Q

What do Atkinson and Shiffrin say

A

Suggest that there are multiple stores of memory that the stores are unitary and distinct

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4
Q

sensory memory store

A

Sensory memory refers to very brief storage of information that occurs when your body detects an environmental stimulus

-When you see , hear or smell something , that information is registered and stored very briefly

-if you attend to it , it will transfer to the STM

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5
Q

Encoding

A

-because we have different senses , information is encoded into different sensory registers

-the sensory register are iconic and echoic , hepatic , olfactory and gustatory

-iconic and echoic - major ones

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6
Q

Iconic sensory register

A

the brief impression of an image that remains just after you close your eyes . The information is encoded visually

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7
Q

Echoic sensory register

A

the impression of a sound that lingers just after it has stopped . This information is encoded auditorily

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8
Q

Capacity

A

-The capacity of the sensory memory is very large - lasting for a small time
-You are being exposed to numerous stimuli all the time
-Most of these stimuli don’t reach conscious awareness , but non consciously your senses register them all

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9
Q

The stimuli will reach your conscious awareness if

A

1) you deliberately attend to them
2)if they reach a certain threshold and demand attention

-if you do attend to a particular stimulus , it will be encoded into STM

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10
Q

Duration

A

-the duration of the sensory memory is very br4ief and depends on the type of sensory input

-it varies from 100-200 milliseconds in the iconic register , to 3-4 seconds in echoic register

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11
Q

Evidence of duration

A

Evidence - Sperling (1960)

-he asked participants to look at a 3x3 grid of nine letters that appeared for 1/20th of a second and then try to recall them

-Sperling - reported that his ppts could remember on average 4-5 of the letters

-He concluded that his ppts had registered all the letters but that the duration of the sensory memory is so brief that the letters faded out of the memory before they could be written down

-Most argue that ppts simply can’t retain nine letters after such a brief viewing

-However his research does give some indication of the brevity of sensory memory

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12
Q

Short term memory - Conrad

A

Tried to establish if participants use acoustic encoding when stimuli are presented visually

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13
Q

Conrad’s procedure

A

A random string of 6 consonants were presented one at a time in quick succession
Either:
-acoustically similar (PCVTBD)
-acoustically dissimilar (LZFXHW)

The letter strings were presented briefly (half a second so participants had to rely on memory

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14
Q

Conrad - Why

A

Conrad hypothesised participants would make substitution errors for similar sounding letters

He thought letters such as B and V were more likely to be confused than letters such as G and L

-what would this tell us about encoding in STM

=we encode acoustically

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15
Q

Conrad findings

A

Progressively fewer trigrams were recalled as the time intervals lengthens

-After 18 seconds less than 5% of the trigrams were recalled correctly

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16
Q

Conrad Conclusion

A

We encode in short term memory acoustically

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17
Q

ENCODING
-SMS
-STM
-LTM

A

SMS
-Variously depending on the mortality
-echoic /iconic

STM
Acoustically
(Conrad)

LTM
-Semantically
(Baddeley)

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18
Q

Capacity
SMS
STM
LTM

A

SMS
Very large

STM
Limited
-7+/- 2 items
(Miller- digit span)

LTM
-Unlimited
-Humans have 86 billion +/- 8b neurons
10,000 connections
Azevedo Et Al

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19
Q

Duration
SMS
STM
LTM

A

SMS
Very brief
-sperling

STM
Limited
18-28s
Peterson and Peterson

LTM
Up to a lifetime
Yearbook study -80% cued recall after 48 years
(Bahrick et al )

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20
Q

Encoding in Long term memory - Evidence

A

(Alan Baddeley)1966

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21
Q

Baddeley procedure

A

-4 conditions in Baddeley’s experiment
-Condition one :
acoustically similar
.man
.cab
.can
.max

Condition 2 :
-Acoustically dissimilar
.pit
.few
.cow
.pen

Condition 3
-semantically similar
.great
.large
.big
.huge

Condition 4
Semantically dissimilar
.good
.Huge
.Hot
.Safe

having been exposed to a list of words participants had to call them in the correct order

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22
Q

results for acoustically similar and dissimilar conditions

A

-results for one and two concurred with Conrad’s experiments

-When tested directly after exposure participants made a greater number of errors in the Acoustically similar condition than the acoustically dissimilar condition

-This suggests the results are externally reliable

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23
Q

Results for Semantically similar and dissimilar conditions

A

-Baddeley gave participants in these conditions a 15 minute break followed by a interference task

-This was to ensure participants were not relying on their short term memory

-He found that a greater number of errors were made by the participants in the semantically similar condition

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24
Q

Evaluation strength -

A

Lab experiment
.high control of variables - everyone’s is exposed to the same words of similar lengths , everyone does task in same room

-only thing changes us the independent variable

-everything else is standardised

-experiment exactly the same for each participant in each condition

-No extraneous variables

However lacks ecological validity

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25
Q

Case study - HM

A

The Multi store memory model is supported by the case study of HM , who had his hippocampus removed in order to treat his epilepsy .

However, this resulted in severe anterograde amnesia .

HM could no longer transfer information from the STM to the LTM.

His STM was intact and therefore this is evidence that the two stores are unitary and distinct as the model claims .

Additionally it appears the rehearsal loop is an analogy of the hippocampus .

HMs memory deficits are exactly what the model would predict if you removed the rehearsal loop ; memories can no longer be consolidated .

However he was able to learn new procedural memory suggesting that there is more than one type of rehearsal loops and more than one type of LTM and this is a weakness of the model .

This also suggests the model is overly simplistic

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26
Q

Baddeley -AIM

A
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27
Q

baddeley-PROCEDURE

A
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28
Q

baddeley-FINDINGS

A
29
Q

badelley-CONCLUSION

A
30
Q

Baddeley- ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY

A
31
Q

Conrad

A
32
Q

Conrad

A
33
Q

Conrad

A
34
Q

Conrad

A
35
Q

Conrad

A
36
Q

Miller

A
37
Q

Miller

A
38
Q

Miller

A
39
Q

Miller

A
40
Q

Miller

A
41
Q

Miller

A
42
Q

Peterson and Peterson

A
43
Q

Peterson and Peterson

A
44
Q

Peterson and Peterson

A
45
Q

Peterson and Peterson

A
46
Q

Peterson and Peterson

A
47
Q

Bahrick et al

A
48
Q

Bahrick et al

A
49
Q

Bahrick et al

A
50
Q

Bahric et al

A
51
Q

Bahrick et al

A
52
Q

Who was the working memory model proposed by and what was it in a response to ?

A

-The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch as a response to the criticism of the multi store mould of memory and its reductive nature

53
Q

What did they argue about the STM

A

They argued that the STM was reductive; information is not simply stored , memory is a dynamic process , we work with information hence working memory

54
Q

What is the STM based on

A

It is based on the principle that two tasks can be carried out at the same time as long as they use separate components of working memory.

55
Q

What happens if we try and complete two tasks on the same component

A

If we try and complete two tasks on the same component we become overloaded and cannot complete it. This highlights the limited capacity of each of the stores.

56
Q

What are often referred to as slave systems

A

The stores (phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad) are often referred to as slave systems.

57
Q

What was added to the working memory model by Baddeley later in 2000

A

he episodic buffer was added to highlight how the information is all bound together from the different components and then transferred to LTM.

58
Q

DRAW THE WORKING MEMORY MODEL

A
59
Q

working memory model evidence

A

The dual task experiment

60
Q

Dual task experiment -PROCEDURE

A

The dual task experiment-
Condition One
Baddeley asked participants to solve a logical problem by pressing a button that was either true of false in response to statements .

Condition two
He asked people to repeat the word the while doing the task . This occupied the central executive and phonological loop

Condition 3
Participants had to generate random three digit numbers out loud . This occupies the central executive .
It took people far longer to answer the logical problems and there was a greater number of errors

We can only do two things at once if we are using two different components

61
Q

Working memeory model -A03
Strength - DUAL TASK

A

One strength is that the studies of the dual task experiment support the separate existence of the visuo spatial sketchpad . When Baddeley et al participants carried out a visual and verbal task at the same time , their performance on each was similar to when they carried out the tasks separately . But when both tasks were visual or when both tasks were verbal performance on both declined substantially . This is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system , where as there is no competition when performing a verbal and visual task together . This shows that there must be a separate slave system that processes visual input and one for verbal processing.

62
Q

Working memory model - A03
strength from brain scans

A

One strength of the WMM is that there is research support from brain scans .Cohen et Al found that brain activity was higher in the Broca’s area (linked to speech production) when doing a verbal task whereas the occipital lobe (linked to visual processing) when doing a task using the VSSP .This is a strength because it provides physiological evidence for the existence of the PL and VSSP. It also supports to PL’s role in auditory and speech based tasks and the VSSP’s role in visual task . Therefore This validates the WMM

63
Q

Working memory model - A03
Limitation

A

However Despite offering a more detailed explanation of short-term memory (STM) compared to the multi-store model, the Working Memory Model (WMM) has faced criticism for its perceived oversimplification and lack of clarity. For instance, there is uncertainty surrounding the nature and specific function of the central executive, particularly in relation to attention. Laboratory experiments investigating the WMM often obtain results with low ecological validity, meaning they may not accurately reflect real-life scenarios. Tasks such as repeating sequences like ‘the the the’ are arguably not representative of typical everyday activities. This means the working memory model has a low ecological validity .

64
Q

What are the two reasons for forgetting ?

A

Interference

Retrieval Failure

65
Q

What is interreference

A

Forgetting because one memory blocks another , causing one or both memories to be distorted or forgotten

66
Q

two types of interference

A

-proactive
-retroactive

67
Q

Retroactive - definition and example

A

-recent learning interferes with information we have previously learnt

-example - your new phone number interferes with the recall of your old number

68
Q

Proactive interference

A

previously learned information interferes with more recent learning

example - calling your new boyfriends name your ex boyfriends name

69
Q
A

PYSCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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