Memory Flashcards
Who proposed the idea of the multi-store model of memory? When?
Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)
What did the multi-store model suggest?
That memory is made up of 3 components:
-sensory register
-short term memory
-long term memory
According to the model, memories are formed sequentially + info passes from one component to another in a linear fashion.
Define coding.
The way in which information is changed and stored in memory
Define capacity.
Refers to the amount of information that can be stored.
Define duration.
Refers to the length of time that information is held in the memory store.
Define sensory memory.
Stimuli from all senses arrives here and is stored for only a fraction of a second.
Describe Peterson and Peterson’s study on STM duration.
Pps given a random triad and a 3 digit number (e.g RSD 378). Pps then had to count down in threes from their 3 digit number during retention period of either 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds, they then had to recall the triad given.
Describe Baddeley’s study on coding in LTM and STM.
1966- Gave pps word lists to learn: one semantically similar, acoustically different and one semantically different and acoustically similar. Pps struggled short term with list 2 and struggled long term with list 1. Baddeley concluded LTM is encoded semantically and STM acoustically.
Describe Sperling’s study on capacity of the SM.
1960- high, medium, low tone. Exposed grid of 12 symbols for 50ms + when grid disappeared one of the tones followed. Was able to recall 3/4 symbols suggesting iconic store can retain 75% of data recived.
Describe Sperling’s study on coding of the SM.
1960- asked pps to remember as many letters as they could from a grid of 12 symbols displayed for 50ms, found that they could only recall 4 symbols before grid faded from their SM.
Describe Sperling’s study on duration of the SM.
Found that the delay between grid and tone more info was lost. Found that SM lasts 50ms.
Describe Bahrick’s study on duration of the LTM.
-392 American uni grads shown photos of their high school yearbook. Pps given a list of names + had to match name to photo.
-90% correctly matched, 60% correctly matched after 47 years after graduation.
LTM=lifetime duration
Describe capacity of LTM.
Unlimited because no research.
Describe Declarative memory and what are the two types?
Declarative memory is conscious and explicit.
-semantic memory
-episodic memory
Describe Non-declarative memory.
AKA procedural memory.
It’s implicit and unconscious.
Explain procedural memory.
This is memory that is concerned with knowing how to do things such as how to ride a bike, which eventually through repetition becomes automatic.
Explain semantic memory.
This is memory concerned with knowledge of facts such as Paris is the capital of France.
Explain episodic memory.
This is memory concerned with knowledge of life events from our experience such as the first day of school.
Briefly explain the case of HM.
Scoville and Milner (1957) studied Hm who had his hippocampus removed to treat his epilepsy. He was unable to form new LTMs but could form STMs.
Briefly explain the case of KF.
In the 1970’s KF was in a motorcycle accident resulting in brain damage to his left occipital lobe. Found STM damaged but LTM normal.
Supports the idea of 2 separate memory stores.
Briefly explain the case of Clive Wearing.
Can’t remember things from 7seconds ago (STM), but is able to remember how to play piano and improve his skills (LTM). Shows us that non-declarative memory is separate to declarative memory.
Who proposed the idea of the working memory model? When?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Describe the working memory model.
-Developed as STM was thought to be more complex
-Starts with Central executive: controls the 2 slave systems(phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad)
-Phonological loop has 2 sub-components=phonological store which holds info, and the articulatory control system which silently repeats info
-Visuo-spatial sketchpad has 2 sub-components=cashe store which stores info on visual items and the scribe which stores arrangement of objects
-Episodic buffer added later which combines info from stores + sends to LTM
What are the 2 theories of forgetting?
- interference
- retrieval failure
Describe interference.
Interference is when 2 pieces of info are conflicting with each other, resulting in forgetting or distorting one or the other, or both. There are 2 types: proactive and retroactive.
Explain proactive interference.
-Previous info interfering with new info
E.g. trying to remember your new phone number but getting confused with your old number.
Explain retroactive interference.
-Recent info interfering with old info
E.g. after being abroad you get confused with driving on the right to going back to driving on the left.
Describe Underwood and Postman (1960) study.
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Describe Keppel and Underwood (1962) study.
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Describe Baddeley and Hitch (1977) study.
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Describe retrieval failure.
-A.K.A cue and state dependant
-Says info is stored in the LTM but can’t be accessed
-2 types of cues(linked and not-linked)
