Memory

Question 1

Who proposed the idea of the multi-store model of memory? When?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)

Question 2

What did the multi-store model suggest?

Answer 2

That memory is made up of 3 components:
-sensory register
-short term memory
-long term memory
According to the model, memories are formed sequentially + info passes from one component to another in a linear fashion.

Question 3

Define coding.

Answer 3

The way in which information is changed and stored in memory

Question 4

Define capacity.

Answer 4

Refers to the amount of information that can be stored.

Question 5

Define duration.

Answer 5

Refers to the length of time that information is held in the memory store.

Question 6

Define sensory memory.

Answer 6

Stimuli from all senses arrives here and is stored for only a fraction of a second.

Question 7

Describe Peterson and Peterson’s study on STM duration.

Answer 7

Pps given a random triad and a 3 digit number (e.g RSD 378). Pps then had to count down in threes from their 3 digit number during retention period of either 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds, they then had to recall the triad given.

Question 8

Describe Baddeley’s study on coding in LTM and STM.

Answer 8

1966- Gave pps word lists to learn: one semantically similar, acoustically different and one semantically different and acoustically similar. Pps struggled short term with list 2 and struggled long term with list 1. Baddeley concluded LTM is encoded semantically and STM acoustically.

Question 9

Describe Sperling’s study on capacity of the SM.

Answer 9

1960- high, medium, low tone. Exposed grid of 12 symbols for 50ms + when grid disappeared one of the tones followed. Was able to recall 3/4 symbols suggesting iconic store can retain 75% of data recived.

Question 10

Describe Sperling’s study on coding of the SM.

Answer 10

1960- asked pps to remember as many letters as they could from a grid of 12 symbols displayed for 50ms, found that they could only recall 4 symbols before grid faded from their SM.

Question 11

Describe Sperling’s study on duration of the SM.

Answer 11

Found that the delay between grid and tone more info was lost. Found that SM lasts 50ms.

Question 12

Describe Bahrick’s study on duration of the LTM.

Answer 12

-392 American uni grads shown photos of their high school yearbook. Pps given a list of names + had to match name to photo.
-90% correctly matched, 60% correctly matched after 47 years after graduation.

LTM=lifetime duration

Question 13

Describe capacity of LTM.

Answer 13

Unlimited because no research.

Question 14

Describe Declarative memory and what are the two types?

Answer 14

Declarative memory is conscious and explicit.
-semantic memory
-episodic memory

Question 15

Describe Non-declarative memory.

Answer 15

AKA procedural memory.
It’s implicit and unconscious.

Question 16

Explain procedural memory.

Answer 16

This is memory that is concerned with knowing how to do things such as how to ride a bike, which eventually through repetition becomes automatic.

Question 17

Explain semantic memory.

Answer 17

This is memory concerned with knowledge of facts such as Paris is the capital of France.

Question 18

Explain episodic memory.

Answer 18

This is memory concerned with knowledge of life events from our experience such as the first day of school.

Question 19

Briefly explain the case of HM.

Answer 19

Scoville and Milner (1957) studied Hm who had his hippocampus removed to treat his epilepsy. He was unable to form new LTMs but could form STMs.

Question 20

Briefly explain the case of KF.

Answer 20

In the 1970’s KF was in a motorcycle accident resulting in brain damage to his left occipital lobe. Found STM damaged but LTM normal.

Supports the idea of 2 separate memory stores.

Question 21

Briefly explain the case of Clive Wearing.

Answer 21

Can’t remember things from 7seconds ago (STM), but is able to remember how to play piano and improve his skills (LTM). Shows us that non-declarative memory is separate to declarative memory.

Question 22

Who proposed the idea of the working memory model? When?

Answer 22

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Question 23

Describe the working memory model.

Answer 23

-Developed as STM was thought to be more complex
-Starts with Central executive: controls the 2 slave systems(phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad)
-Phonological loop has 2 sub-components=phonological store which holds info, and the articulatory control system which silently repeats info
-Visuo-spatial sketchpad has 2 sub-components=cashe store which stores info on visual items and the scribe which stores arrangement of objects
-Episodic buffer added later which combines info from stores + sends to LTM

Question 24

What are the 2 theories of forgetting?

Answer 24

1. interference
2. retrieval failure

Question 25

Describe interference.

Answer 25

Interference is when 2 pieces of info are conflicting with each other, resulting in forgetting or distorting one or the other, or both. There are 2 types: proactive and retroactive.

Question 26

Explain proactive interference.

Answer 26

-Previous info interfering with new info
E.g. trying to remember your new phone number but getting confused with your old number.

Question 27

Explain retroactive interference.

Answer 27

-Recent info interfering with old info
E.g. after being abroad you get confused with driving on the right to going back to driving on the left.

Question 28

Describe Underwood and Postman (1960) study.

Answer 28

–

Question 29

Describe Keppel and Underwood (1962) study.

Answer 29

–

Question 30

Describe Baddeley and Hitch (1977) study.

Answer 30

–

Question 31

Describe retrieval failure.

Answer 31

-A.K.A cue and state dependant
-Says info is stored in the LTM but can’t be accessed
-2 types of cues(linked and not-linked)