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Introduction to Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Attention

A

The ability to focus on one stimulus

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2
Q

Define STM

A

A temporary storage of information

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3
Q

Define LTM

A

A long term storage of memory, although not entirely infinite or unlimited, keeps growing.

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4
Q

Define Working memory

A

A reconceptualization of STM where memory does not only get stored temporarily but also gets manipulated - logic

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5
Q

The difference between STM and Working memory?

A

STM is where memory is maintained whereas in working memory, memory in not only maintained but manipulated.

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6
Q

Implicit memory

A

Internalised memory which is largely unconscious, includes actions without awareness

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7
Q

Procedural memory

A

Subset of Implicit memory, The memory that accounts for learning procedures - physical movements

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8
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and events consciously remembered

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9
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of everyday events and experiences stored in LTM as episodes

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10
Q

Sematic Memory

A

The memory that stores and recalls dates, events subset of LTM

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11
Q

Encoding

A

The process of converting information into something meaningful that can be stored and recalled later

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12
Q

Memory consolidation

A

The process of converting acquired information into long lasting memory traces

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13
Q

Memory model

A

A representation of how memory would work in the brain. A conceptual representation of the framework to understand it

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14
Q

Sensory memory

A

A storage where information is collected from senses and stored temporarily ( 2 seconds)

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15
Q

Multi Model of Memory by?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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16
Q

What is the Multi Model of Memory?

A
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17
Q

Limitations of Multi Model of Memory

A
  1. STM does not account for manipulation
  2. Rehersal and retrival is vague
  3. Memory stays in LTM without retrival
  4. Factors affecting memory in LTM
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18
Q

Levels of processing by?

A

Craik and Lockhart

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19
Q

Explain levels of processing model

A
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20
Q

Shallow processing has?

A

Structural processing and Phonemic processing

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21
Q

Structural processing

A

Processing the sensory and perceptual features (size, shape, sound). This process is called maintenance rehearsal

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22
Q

Deep processing

A

Understanding and analyzing the information for its meaning/semantic content, value, context, relationship to other information, etc. This process is called elaboration rehearsal.*

23
Q

Limitations of Levels of Processing

A
  1. Depths not easily testable
  2. Does not account for Value of information
  3. Not measurable framework
  4. The effort to process deeply not defined.
24
Q

Working memory by?

A

Baddeley

25
Q

Explain Working memory model

A
26
Q

Central Executive

A

These 3 units of processing work together under the overarching involvement of the Central executive. This represents attentional and other cognitive resources needed for a functional working memory. It supervises and coordinates the 3 ‘slave’ systems listed above.

27
Q

The episodic buffer

A

Various sematic and preceptual features come together from holistic units, also borrows information from LTM to add on to exsisting information

28
Q

Phonological loop

A

Auditory information

29
Q

Visualspatial Sketchpad

A

This stores location, arrangement, shapes, sizes, etc.

30
Q

Limitations of the working memory model

A
  1. Only discusses working memory
  2. Episodic memory is an abstraction and is undefined.
31
Q

Serial-parallel independent model of memory by?

A

Tulving

32
Q

The cognitive representation system

A

This includes the content aspect of memory. From sensory features to cognitive manipulations of information. This system accounts for remembering facts, life episodes, trivial and significant experiences, thoughts, conversations, faces, etc.

33
Q

The action system

A

This includes more learning-based memory aspects such as dance moves, driving and swimming skills, musical sequences, barista protocols, etc.

34
Q

Serial-parallel independent model of memory

A
35
Q

semanticization

A

where words help define episodic memories

36
Q

semantic dementia

A

memory loss for words, meaning, and verbal content

37
Q

Limitations of Serial-parallel independent model of memory

A
  1. Inadequate link to procedural memory
  2. Working memory not well defined along with The feedback mechanism and subset systems
38
Q

MNESIS

A

Memory NEoStructural Inter-Systemic model

39
Q

MNESIS by?

A

Francis Eustache and Béatrice Desgranges.

40
Q

Draw MNESIS

A
41
Q

MNESIS Limitations

A
  1. Based on other models with limitations
  2. Does not include Implicit and Explicit memory
  3. Unclear if pathology model or general human condition
42
Q

Reconstructive memory

A

refers to the process of assembling information from stored knowledge when there is no clear memory of an event.

43
Q

schema

A

A schema is a pre-existing mental representation or expectation of something based on prior knowledge.

44
Q

assimilate

A

we change our schemas to fit what we have learned.

45
Q

accommodate

A

we change our memories to fit our existing schemas. Bartlett explains that accommodation occurs in two ways

46
Q

Levelling

A

downplaying or removing details from memory.

47
Q

Sharpening

A

adding to or exaggerating details in our memory.

48
Q

Loftus and Palmer

A

12% of the control group (who were not asked the speed question at all).

14% of the ‘hit’ group.

32% of the ‘smashed’ group.

49
Q

Distortion

A

Modifying memory and it is altered and inaccurate and forgotten

50
Q

Serial reproduction

A

Chain work of participants

51
Q

Repeated reproduction

A

one participant multiple times without looking at material

52
Q

Retrieval cues

A

stimuli that help people retrieve memories.

53
Q
A

Introduction to Psychology (4 decks)

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