Memory Flashcards
Define Attention
The ability to focus on one stimulus
Define STM
A temporary storage of information
Define LTM
A long term storage of memory, although not entirely infinite or unlimited, keeps growing.
Define Working memory
A reconceptualization of STM where memory does not only get stored temporarily but also gets manipulated - logic
The difference between STM and Working memory?
STM is where memory is maintained whereas in working memory, memory in not only maintained but manipulated.
Implicit memory
Internalised memory which is largely unconscious, includes actions without awareness
Procedural memory
Subset of Implicit memory, The memory that accounts for learning procedures - physical movements
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and events consciously remembered
Episodic memory
Memory of everyday events and experiences stored in LTM as episodes
Sematic Memory
The memory that stores and recalls dates, events subset of LTM
Encoding
The process of converting information into something meaningful that can be stored and recalled later
Memory consolidation
The process of converting acquired information into long lasting memory traces
Memory model
A representation of how memory would work in the brain. A conceptual representation of the framework to understand it
Sensory memory
A storage where information is collected from senses and stored temporarily ( 2 seconds)
Multi Model of Memory by?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What is the Multi Model of Memory?
Limitations of Multi Model of Memory
- STM does not account for manipulation
- Rehersal and retrival is vague
- Memory stays in LTM without retrival
- Factors affecting memory in LTM
Levels of processing by?
Craik and Lockhart
Explain levels of processing model
Shallow processing has?
Structural processing and Phonemic processing
Structural processing
Processing the sensory and perceptual features (size, shape, sound). This process is called maintenance rehearsal
Deep processing
Understanding and analyzing the information for its meaning/semantic content, value, context, relationship to other information, etc. This process is called elaboration rehearsal.*
Limitations of Levels of Processing
- Depths not easily testable
- Does not account for Value of information
- Not measurable framework
- The effort to process deeply not defined.
Working memory by?
Baddeley
Explain Working memory model
Central Executive
These 3 units of processing work together under the overarching involvement of the Central executive. This represents attentional and other cognitive resources needed for a functional working memory. It supervises and coordinates the 3 ‘slave’ systems listed above.
The episodic buffer
Various sematic and preceptual features come together from holistic units, also borrows information from LTM to add on to exsisting information
Phonological loop
Auditory information
Visualspatial Sketchpad
This stores location, arrangement, shapes, sizes, etc.
Limitations of the working memory model
- Only discusses working memory
- Episodic memory is an abstraction and is undefined.
Serial-parallel independent model of memory by?
Tulving
The cognitive representation system
This includes the content aspect of memory. From sensory features to cognitive manipulations of information. This system accounts for remembering facts, life episodes, trivial and significant experiences, thoughts, conversations, faces, etc.
The action system
This includes more learning-based memory aspects such as dance moves, driving and swimming skills, musical sequences, barista protocols, etc.
Serial-parallel independent model of memory
semanticization
where words help define episodic memories
semantic dementia
memory loss for words, meaning, and verbal content
Limitations of Serial-parallel independent model of memory
- Inadequate link to procedural memory
- Working memory not well defined along with The feedback mechanism and subset systems
MNESIS
Memory NEoStructural Inter-Systemic model
MNESIS by?
Francis Eustache and Béatrice Desgranges.
Draw MNESIS
MNESIS Limitations
- Based on other models with limitations
- Does not include Implicit and Explicit memory
- Unclear if pathology model or general human condition
Reconstructive memory
refers to the process of assembling information from stored knowledge when there is no clear memory of an event.
schema
A schema is a pre-existing mental representation or expectation of something based on prior knowledge.
assimilate
we change our schemas to fit what we have learned.
accommodate
we change our memories to fit our existing schemas. Bartlett explains that accommodation occurs in two ways
Levelling
downplaying or removing details from memory.
Sharpening
adding to or exaggerating details in our memory.
Loftus and Palmer
12% of the control group (who were not asked the speed question at all).
14% of the ‘hit’ group.
32% of the ‘smashed’ group.
Distortion
Modifying memory and it is altered and inaccurate and forgotten
Serial reproduction
Chain work of participants
Repeated reproduction
one participant multiple times without looking at material
Retrieval cues
stimuli that help people retrieve memories.
