Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.

Question 2

What are the three key functions of memory?

Answer 2

Encoding, Storage and retrieval.

Question 3

What is encoding?

Answer 3

Encoding is the process of transforming what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory.

Question 4

what is storage?

Answer 4

Storage is the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 5

What is retrieval?

Answer 5

Retrieval is the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

Question 6

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 6

Semantic encoding is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

Question 7

what is semantic judgement?

Answer 7

When an individual thinks about the meaning of the words.

Question 8

What is an example of a semantic judgement?

Answer 8

Is hat a type of clothing?

Question 9

Where is semantic encoding associated in the brain?

Answer 9

Lower left part of the frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe.

Question 10

Where is visual imagery encoding brain activity located?

Answer 10

The occipital lobe is active

Question 11

Where is organisational encoding brain activity located?

Answer 11

upper left frontal lobe is active

Question 12

What is visual encoding?

Answer 12

the process of sorting new information by converting it into mental pictures.

Question 13

How many mental placeholders for visual imagery are created? And what are they?

Answer 13

2 - a visual one and a verbal one

Question 14

what is organisational encoding?

Answer 14

the process of categorising information according to the relationships among a series of items.

Question 15

What is mnemonics?

Answer 15

are encoding strategies that improve subsequent retrieval.

Question 16

What are the three major kinds of memory storage?

Answer 16

sensory, short-term and long-term.

Question 17

What is sensory memory?

Answer 17

Is a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Question 18

What is iconic memory?

Answer 18

A fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 19

What is echoic memory?

Answer 19

Is a fast-decaying store of auditory information

Question 20

What is short term memory?

Answer 20

Is a type of storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

Question 21

What is meant by the term rehearsal?

Answer 21

it is the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it.

Question 22

What effect does rehearsal play a role in?

Answer 22

Serial position effect

Question 23

What is serial position effect?

Answer 23

refers to the observation that the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than items in the middle.

Question 24

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 24

It is the enhanced recall of the first few items in a list.

Question 25

What is the recency effect?

Answer 25

Enhanced recall of the last few items

Question 26

what is chunking?

Answer 26

chunking is combining several small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more or easily held in short term memory.

Question 27

What type of learning is chunking the same as?

Answer 27

Organizational

Question 28

what is working memory?

Answer 28

the active maintenance of information in a short-term storage.

Question 29

how many sub-stems does working memory have?

Answer 29

2 one for visual images and one for verbal information.

Question 30

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 30

visual memories (working memory)

Question 31

what is the phonological loop?

Answer 31

verbal information (working memory)

Question 32

Antegrade amnesia?

Answer 32

the inability to transfer new information from the short term to the long-term storage.

Question 33

retrograde amnesia?

Answer 33

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery.

Question 34

what is consolidation?

Answer 34

the process by which memories become stable in the brain.

Question 35

what gives consolidation process a boost?

Answer 35

sleep

Question 36

what is reconsolidation?

Answer 36

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

Question 37

what is synapse?

Answer 37

the small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another

Question 38

How do nuerons communicate?

Answer 38

neurons communicate by sending neurotransmitters across these synapses.

Question 39

What provides the neurological basis for long term memory?

Answer 39

when neurotransmitters are sent across a synapse it changes the synapse. It strengthens the connection between the two neurons.

Question 40

How is the synapse changed by the neurotransmitter being sent across?

Answer 40

The connection between the two nuerons is strengthened making it easier for them to communicate next time.

Question 41

What is long-term potential?

Answer 41

a process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between nuerons strengthens connections making further communication easier.

Question 42

The first function of memory is to — the information?

Answer 42

encode

Question 43

Survival encoding involves semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and _____ encoding.

Answer 43

organizational

Question 44

Which type of encoding involves categorizing items according to how they are related to one another?

Answer 44

organizational

Question 45

Zandra’s teacher tells their students that they cannot forget something if they never “got it” in the first place. MOST likely, Zandra’s teacher is referring to a failure in:

Answer 45

encoding

Question 46

Mykal has met their brother’s girlfriend three times. Mykal remembers that her name starts with the letter S but cannot actually recall her name. This is MOST likely caused by a failure in:

Answer 46

retrieval

Question 47

Semantic encoding is to visual imagery encoding as the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe.

Answer 47

temporal;occipital

Question 48

what is a retrieval cue?

Answer 48

it is external information that is associated with stored information and bringing it to mind.

Question 49

what does the encoding specificity principle state?

Answer 49

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps to recreate the way in which information was initially encoded.

Question 50

what is state-dependent retrieval?

Answer 50

Is the process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

Question 51

what is the principle of transfer-appropriate processing?

Answer 51

It is the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match.

Question 52

what is retrieval-induced forgetting?

Answer 52

It is a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

Question 53

what part of the brain becomes active when you try to retrieve a memory?

Answer 53

left frontal lobe

Question 54

what part of the brain becomes active when you successfully retrieve a memory?

Answer 54

left frontal lobe accompanied by hippocampal and parts of the brain that activated during initial sensory.

Question 55

What which sensory part of brain becomes active for sounds?

Answer 55

Auditory cortex – upper part of the temporal lobe

Question 56

which sensory part of brain becomes active for visual?

Answer 56

Visual cortex – occipital lobe

Question 57

Information in sensory memory lasts for _____ seconds.

Answer 57

1 to 5 seconds

Question 58

Before information can be transferred to short-term memory, it must first be a part of _____ memory.

Answer 58

sensory

Question 59

Alejandro is trying to memorize 15 definitions from their linguistic class notes. Alejandro believes that they can store all the definitions in short-term memory. However, Alejandro’s short-term memory is able to hold approximately _____ definitions.

Answer 59

7

Question 60

Sabrina is participating in a study where they have to learn how to navigate an indoor labyrinth. Once Sabrina successfully navigates it, a researcher injects Sabrina with a drug, and now Sabrina cannot find their way out of the labyrinth. The researcher has probably given Sabrina a drug that blocks:

Answer 60

Long-term potential

Question 61

Lamaar’s partner is talking to Lamaar, and Lamaar asks them to repeat what they just asked them. But before they do so, Lamaar realizes what they said and responds with the answer of “Yes.” This is likely due to _____ memory.

Answer 61

echoic

Question 62

Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to a process by which retrieving an item from _____ memory impairs the subsequent recall of related items.

Answer 62

long term

Question 63

According to the _____ principle, it would be best to study for an exam in the same room in which one will take the exam.

Answer 63

encoding specificity

Question 64

_____ memory is the type of memory that occurs when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection.

Answer 64

implicit

Question 65

On a brain scan, when a person _____ information, their left frontal lobe shows increased activity, and when they _____ information, their hippocampal region shows increased activity.

Answer 65

tries to retrieve; successfully retrieves

Question 66

Memories that cannot be consciously recalled yet affect a person’s behaviour are referred to as _____ memories.

Answer 66

implicit

Question 67

what is transience?

Answer 67

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

Question 68

what phase of memory does transience effect?

Answer 68

storage

Question 69

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 69

situations in which learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.

Question 70

Example of retroactive interference

Answer 70

working doing the same tasks monday to friday and by friday forgetting some of the specifics of monday as the days have melded together.

Question 71

What is proactive interference?

Answer 71

refers to situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Question 72

What is absentmindedness?

Answer 72

It is a lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

Question 73

What is a common cause of absentmindedness?

Answer 73

lack of attention

Question 74

what areas of the brain have less activity if attention is divided?

Answer 74

left frontal lobe, hippocampus

Question 75

What is prospective memory?

Answer 75

remembering to do things in the future.

Question 76

what is intention offloading?

Answer 76

using external devices to remind us to carry out future tasks

Question 77

what is blocking?

Answer 77

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

Question 78

what causes blocking?

Answer 78

retrieval failure

Question 79

what is memory missattribution?

Answer 79

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

Question 80

what is source memory?

Answer 80

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.

Question 81

what is false recognition?

Answer 81

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before.

Question 82

what is suggestibility?

Answer 82

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

Question 83

what is bias?

Answer 83

refers to distorting influences present knowledge, beliefs and feelings n recollections of previous experiences.

Question 84

what is a consistency bias?

Answer 84

is the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present.

Question 85

what is an egocentric bias?

Answer 85

refers to the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past to make ourselves better.

Question 86

what is persistance?

Answer 86

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

Question 87

what are flashbulb memories?

Answer 87

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events.

Question 88

how does amygdala play a role?

Answer 88

it influences hormonal systems that kick into high gear when we experience arousing events.

Question 89

what do stress related hormones do?

Answer 89

ex. adrenaline and cortisol mobilise the body in the face of threat and also enhance the memory for experience.

Question 90

what are the two types of memories? (long term)

Answer 90

explicit and implicit

Question 91

what is explicit memory?

Answer 91

occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences.

Question 92

what is implicit memory?

Answer 92

occurs when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection.

Question 93

what is procedural memory? is it implicit or explicit?

Answer 93

implicit, it is the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or “knowing how” to do things.

Question 94

what is priming? is it implicit or explicit?

Answer 94

implicit, an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus during an earlier study task.

Question 95

which parts of the brain are activated when priming?

Answer 95

brain parts are actually reducing activity when priming.

Question 96

what is perceptual priming?

Answer 96

reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item (e.g. visual characteristics of a word or picture)

Question 97

what is conceptual priming?

Answer 97

reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object.

Question 98

what is semantic memory?

Answer 98

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our knowledge of the world.

Question 99

what is episodic memory?

Answer 99

is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Question 100

is the hippocampus necessary for acquiring new semantic memories?

Answer 100

no

Question 101

why is episodic memory well suited to envision our personal futures?

Answer 101

it is a flexible system that allows us to recombine elements of past experience in new ways, so that mentally we can try out different visions.

Question 102

Aperna is taking an allergy medication during the first part of the semester because that is when it is allergy season. Which concept BEST accounts for why it might be beneficial for Aperna to continue taking the medication until they are finished with final exams?

Answer 102

state-dependent retrieval

Question 103

_____ is a technique that makes certain memories more accessible.

Answer 103

priming

Question 104

According to the _____ principle, it would be best to study for an exam in the same room in which one will take the exam.

Answer 104

encoding specifity

Question 105

“How many uses can you think of for a brick?” Norman is asked by the examiner. Norman is taking a test of:

Answer 105

divergent creative thinking

Question 106

what is aphasia?

Answer 106

problem with language

Question 107

Diego cannot create mental visual images. Diego has:

Answer 107

aphantasia

Question 108

With respect to two broad forms of long-term memory, conscious is to unconscious as _____ memory is to _____ memory.

Answer 108

explicit; implicit

Question 109

what is retrieval-induced forgetting?

Answer 109

Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

Question 110

An elementary school class took a spelling test immediately after learning how to bake a cake. Even though the teacher used the word flower in a sentence during the test, the teacher noticed that many of the students spelled the word flour instead of the vocabulary word flower. This illustrates the memory concept called:

Answer 110

priming

Question 111

The memory “sin” of _____ is related to how human memories lose detail over time and people reconstruct memories based on general experience.

Answer 111

transience

Question 112

The memory “sin” of _____ occurs because one’s attention is divided.

Answer 112

absentmindedness

Question 113

_____ is the assigning of a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

Answer 113

memory misattribution

Question 114

Lamar attempts to change an online password. When they create a new password, the site alerts them that Lamar has used the password before. Lamar cannot recall using it in the past; they can only remember their more recent passwords. Lamar is experiencing _____ interference.

Answer 114

retroactive

Question 115

Sean is taking a psychology course and a sociology course. Sean studies for their final exam in psychology for 2 hours and then studies for the final exam in sociology for 2 hours. Sean then takes the final exam in psychology and finds that they can only remember sociological concepts. Sean is experiencing:

Answer 115

retroactive interference

Question 116

_____ may be beneficial because if a person has not used information recently, that person probably will not need it in the future.

Answer 116

transience

Question 117

Many people believe that their love relationships have grown stronger over the years. However, actual data collected over the years indicate that their feelings have remained relatively stable. This is an example of _____ bias.

Answer 117

change

Question 118

Josette recently changed the password to their online banking site—at the site’s insistence. Josette cannot remember the new password; they can only remember the preceding one. Josette is experiencing _____ interference.

Answer 118

proactive

Question 119

The flashing red light on the multiline telephone operator’s phone reminded them that there was an important call waiting to be transferred. The flashing light served as a cue for their:

Answer 119

prospective memory