memory Flashcards
Memory
is the capacity to retain and receive information.
- it’s not a recording device that makes exact copies.
- Always a reconstruction of things that have already occurred.
(Basic of 3-stage Model)
encoding, storage and retrieval
Encoding
-Brief seconds
- We transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory.
Storage
- retaining that information
- Process of maintaining information in memory overtime.
Retrieval
- Process of bringing to mind information has been previously encoded and stored.
What does the hippocampus do?
- index information, index and system not to store memory.
The two theories of how memory works
- information processing model
- Parallel distributed processing model
What is the information processing model?
Information passes through three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval.
what is parallel distributed-processing model?
- information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural network.
- memories are stored in a network of associations through our brains.
Information processing model’s three different stores. First store
- sensory memory
- First stimulus from the environment enters sensory memory. Purpose and sensory information. Duration about 1/2 for a visual.
2/4 sec for auditory. Capacity- Large.
information processing model. (second store)
- Working memory. Purpose is to hold information temporarily for analysis.
Duration is up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. Capacity- limited to 5-9 items
information processing model (third store.)
- Long-term memory
- The purpose: permanent storage
- Duration is permanent
- Capacity is relatively unlimited
what does encoding mean?
Getting information into memory. The rule of attention is to filter out things you want to focus on.
- Focussing awareness.
- selective attention=selection of input
During information processing model, if we pay attention, information enters our…
Working (short-term) memory which old information for 30 seconds capacity is 5-9 items
two ways to encode
-automatic processing
- Effortful processing
what is automatic processing?
You remember something without much conscious awareness, or effort.
what is effortful processing?
When you remember something with careful attention, and conscious effort. Exams, for example.
Types of encoding
- Phonological
- Visual
- Semanic
What is phonological encoding?
encoding based on sound.
What is visual encoding?
encoding based on how the information looks. Photographic memory, for example.
what is semantic encoding?
Encoding based on the meaning of the information.
- Process on the meaning
- What something means
The levels of processing: Craik and Lockhart
- incoming information process at different levels:
Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes.
how is knowledge represented and organized in memory?
- Clustering and conceptual hierarchies (grouping similar things together in groups)
- mental model/schemas and Scripts
i.e: tweet is a “little bird” we have a mental model of it. - Semantic networks
- Connectionist networks and PDP models
Enriching Encoding: What is Elaboration?
- linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
More linking helps remembering. I.e: thinking of examples.
Enriching Encoding: What is Visual imagery?
- The creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered.
Enriching Encoding: what is Self-Referent encoding?
Making information personally meaningful
what is Short term memory(working memory) in the three box model?
temporary storage.
- duration of storage is 30 seconds without rehearsal
- You can extend the capacity by chunking.
what is long-term memory?
Storage that holds information for hours, days or years
- flashbulb memories are memories that we remember really well.- isn’t always accurate and they decay overtime
What does sleeping do for our memories?
consolidation
What does the hippocampus do?
appears to be responsible for the initial consolidation of memories, Richard, then stored in different parts of the brain(cortex)
- Index and consolidation
What are the systems and types of memories?
- Implicit vs explicit
-Declarative vs. non-declarative(procedural) - semantic vs episodic
- Prospective vs retrospective
Systems and types of memory: implicit vs explicit? define
-implicit are unattended memories, and we are not actively thinking about.
- Explicit is intentional recall
Systems and types of memories: declarative versus non-declarative(procedural). Define?
- declarative are facts
- non-declarative (procedural) is doing things like remembering how to ride a bike.
Systems and types of memories: semantic vs episodic. Define?
- Semantic is the meaning of words and concepts
- Episodic are episodes of your life
System some types of memories: prospective vs. Retrospective. Define?
- Perspective is the future. What you’re gonna do in the future.
- Retrospective is the past, opposite of prospective.
what are the types of long-term memories? First one being explicit memory. ESE…
Explicit memory-memories with conscious recall.
-Semantic memory
-Episodic memory
types of long-term memories. What are in Implicit Memory? IPCCP…
- Implicit memory: Memory without conscious recall.
procedural memory,
Classically conditioned memory (like phobias)
Priming
what is procedural memory?
Motor skills and habits like driving a car, brushing your teeth and riding a bike
retrieval: getting information out of memory. What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
you could feel it it’s almost emotional. Failure to retrieve.
Retrieval: getting information out of memory. What is reinstating the context of an event?
Contacts cues- return to old place to recall. For example, going to your old house will bring memories back.
Retrieval: getting information out of memory. what is reconstructing memories?
It is the miss information effect, and can be inaccurate because we remember things how we LIKE to remember… we take things a certain way.
what are retrieval cues?
External information that helps bring stored information to mind
what is encoding specificity principle?
it is the idea that a retrieval cue can help become an effective reminder..
what is state dependent retrieval?
It’s the conditions in which you remember something …are the conditions in which you should recall something.
- When conditions match, you remember better.
Why do we forget?
we forget because of ineffective encoding, decay, interference(proactive, retroactive)
