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Psych 100 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

is the capacity to retain and receive information.
- it’s not a recording device that makes exact copies.
- Always a reconstruction of things that have already occurred.

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2
Q

(Basic of 3-stage Model)

A

encoding, storage and retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

-Brief seconds
- We transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory.

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4
Q

Storage

A
  • retaining that information
  • Process of maintaining information in memory overtime.
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5
Q

Retrieval

A
  • Process of bringing to mind information has been previously encoded and stored.
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6
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A
  • index information, index and system not to store memory.
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7
Q

The two theories of how memory works

A
  • information processing model
  • Parallel distributed processing model
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8
Q

What is the information processing model?

A

Information passes through three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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9
Q

what is parallel distributed-processing model?

A
  • information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural network.
  • memories are stored in a network of associations through our brains.
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10
Q

Information processing model’s three different stores. First store

A
  • sensory memory
  • First stimulus from the environment enters sensory memory. Purpose and sensory information. Duration about 1/2 for a visual.
    2/4 sec for auditory. Capacity- Large.
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11
Q

information processing model. (second store)

A
  • Working memory. Purpose is to hold information temporarily for analysis.
    Duration is up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. Capacity- limited to 5-9 items
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12
Q

information processing model (third store.)

A
  • Long-term memory
  • The purpose: permanent storage
  • Duration is permanent
  • Capacity is relatively unlimited
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13
Q

what does encoding mean?

A

Getting information into memory. The rule of attention is to filter out things you want to focus on.
- Focussing awareness.
- selective attention=selection of input

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14
Q

During information processing model, if we pay attention, information enters our…

A

Working (short-term) memory which old information for 30 seconds capacity is 5-9 items

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15
Q

two ways to encode

A

-automatic processing
- Effortful processing

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16
Q

what is automatic processing?

A

You remember something without much conscious awareness, or effort.

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17
Q

what is effortful processing?

A

When you remember something with careful attention, and conscious effort. Exams, for example.

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18
Q

Types of encoding

A
  • Phonological
  • Visual
  • Semanic
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19
Q

What is phonological encoding?

A

encoding based on sound.

20
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

encoding based on how the information looks. Photographic memory, for example.

21
Q

what is semantic encoding?

A

Encoding based on the meaning of the information.
- Process on the meaning
- What something means

22
Q

The levels of processing: Craik and Lockhart

A
  • incoming information process at different levels:
    Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes.
23
Q

how is knowledge represented and organized in memory?

A
  • Clustering and conceptual hierarchies (grouping similar things together in groups)
  • mental model/schemas and Scripts
    i.e: tweet is a “little bird” we have a mental model of it.
  • Semantic networks
  • Connectionist networks and PDP models
24
Q

Enriching Encoding: What is Elaboration?

A
  • linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
    More linking helps remembering. I.e: thinking of examples.
25
Q

Enriching Encoding: What is Visual imagery?

A
  • The creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered.
26
Q

Enriching Encoding: what is Self-Referent encoding?

A

Making information personally meaningful

27
Q

what is Short term memory(working memory) in the three box model?

A

temporary storage.
- duration of storage is 30 seconds without rehearsal
- You can extend the capacity by chunking.

28
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

Storage that holds information for hours, days or years
- flashbulb memories are memories that we remember really well.- isn’t always accurate and they decay overtime

29
Q

What does sleeping do for our memories?

A

consolidation

30
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

appears to be responsible for the initial consolidation of memories, Richard, then stored in different parts of the brain(cortex)

  • Index and consolidation
31
Q

What are the systems and types of memories?

A
  • Implicit vs explicit
    -Declarative vs. non-declarative(procedural)
  • semantic vs episodic
  • Prospective vs retrospective
32
Q

Systems and types of memory: implicit vs explicit? define

A

-implicit are unattended memories, and we are not actively thinking about.
- Explicit is intentional recall

33
Q

Systems and types of memories: declarative versus non-declarative(procedural). Define?

A
  • declarative are facts
  • non-declarative (procedural) is doing things like remembering how to ride a bike.
34
Q

Systems and types of memories: semantic vs episodic. Define?

A
  • Semantic is the meaning of words and concepts
  • Episodic are episodes of your life
35
Q

System some types of memories: prospective vs. Retrospective. Define?

A
  • Perspective is the future. What you’re gonna do in the future.
  • Retrospective is the past, opposite of prospective.
36
Q

what are the types of long-term memories? First one being explicit memory. ESE…

A

Explicit memory-memories with conscious recall.
-Semantic memory
-Episodic memory

37
Q

types of long-term memories. What are in Implicit Memory? IPCCP…

A
  • Implicit memory: Memory without conscious recall.

procedural memory,
Classically conditioned memory (like phobias)
Priming

38
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

Motor skills and habits like driving a car, brushing your teeth and riding a bike

39
Q

retrieval: getting information out of memory. What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

A

you could feel it it’s almost emotional. Failure to retrieve.

40
Q

Retrieval: getting information out of memory. What is reinstating the context of an event?

A

Contacts cues- return to old place to recall. For example, going to your old house will bring memories back.

41
Q

Retrieval: getting information out of memory. what is reconstructing memories?

A

It is the miss information effect, and can be inaccurate because we remember things how we LIKE to remember… we take things a certain way.

42
Q

what are retrieval cues?

A

External information that helps bring stored information to mind

43
Q

what is encoding specificity principle?

A

it is the idea that a retrieval cue can help become an effective reminder..

44
Q

what is state dependent retrieval?

A

It’s the conditions in which you remember something …are the conditions in which you should recall something.
- When conditions match, you remember better.

45
Q

Why do we forget?

A

we forget because of ineffective encoding, decay, interference(proactive, retroactive)

Psych 100 (2 decks)

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