Memory P1

Question 1

what is short term memory?

Answer 1

. the limited capacity memory store
. coding is mainly acoustic
. has capacity of 7 +/- 2
. has duration of 18-30 s

Question 2

what is long term memory?

Answer 2

. the permanent memory store
. coding is semantic
. duration is up to a lifetime

Question 3

what is coding of memory?

Answer 3

. the format which information is stored in various memory stores

Question 4

what research supports coding?

Answer 4

. Baddeley (1966) gave p’s lists of 4 words to remember
. group 1 had acoustically similar, group 2 had acoustically dissimilar, group 3 had semantically similar, group 4 had semantically dissimilar
. found when asked to recall immediately group 1 had worst recall of words suggesting stm is acoustic
. after 20 minutes 3 had worst recall so suggests ltm is recorded semantically

. done in controlled lab setting

. researching may not have tested ltm as didn’t wait very long

Question 5

what is capacity of memory?

Answer 5

. the amount of information that can be held in a memory store

Question 6

what experiments research short term memory capacity?

Answer 6

• Jacobs (1987) measured digit span by giving p’s increasing numbers of digits to recall in the correct order. when the order was recalled incorrectly, e.g. at 5 digits, the p’s digit span had been found
  . average no. span was 9.3 whereas letter span was 7.3
  .8 yr olds recalled average of 7, 19 yr olds was 9
• Miller (1956) found p’s can recall 5 numbers to the same ability as 5 letters suggesting chunking in the short term memory

Question 7

what experiments research long term memory capacity?

Answer 7

. wagenar (1986) made diary of 2400 events in his life over last 6 years, teste on events rather than dates, gave 4 memory cues, rated events on saliency, emotional involvement and pleasantness
. found he had excellent recall suggesting capacity for ltm is very
large

Question 8

what are the strengths of research into the long term memory

Answer 8

. individual difference is normally acknowledged like effects of age in Jacobs making it more credible

. results are often based on case studies so results aren’t representative, are subjective and lack population validity

Question 9

what is duration of memory?

Answer 9

. the length of time information can be held in the memory stores

Question 10

what experiments researched duration of short term memory?

Answer 10

. Peterson and Peterson (1959)
. 24 students took part in 8 trials where given 3 consonant sand a 3 digit number
. they counted back form number until told to stop at varying times to prevent maintenance rehearsal
. p’s found it harder to recall trigrams after an increased amount of time
. suggest stm has a very short duration without maintenance rehearsal

Question 11

what experiments researched long term memory duration?

Answer 11

. Bahrick et al (1975) investigated very ltm, studied 392 Ohioans aged 17-74 with their yearbooks
- photo recognition - name individuals with 50 photo prompts
- free recall test - name individuals with no cues
. found photo recognition test had 90% accuracy after 15 years and 70% after 48 years
. found free recall test had 60% accuracy after 15 years and 30% accuracy after 48 years
. suggests ltm has very long duration made longer by cues

Question 12

what are the strengths and weaknesses of research into duration?

Answer 12

. high external validity as studies use meaningful memories
. stimuli, everyone has these so findings can be generalised

. often make use of artificial stimuli so lack external validity and mundane realism

Question 13

what is the multi-store model?

Answer 13

. proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), representation of workings of memory involving 3 stores, sensory register, stm and ltm and it explains how memories are recalled and forgotten

Question 14

describe the multi store memory model?

Answer 14

I don’t want to figure out how to draw this on here pls just remember it xoxoxo

Question 15

what is forgetting?

Answer 15

. inability to recall or recognise something previously learnt due to decay (STM), displacement (STM), retrieval failure (LTM)

Question 16

describe the sensory register?

Answer 16

. info brought by senses, there are five stores, one for each sense
. iconic - visual info
. echoic - auditory info
. the store constantly records but is usually ignore and is transferred to stm if attention is given
. has a large capacity

Question 17

what supporting evidence is there for the multistore memory model?

Answer 17

. Murdock (1962) presented p’s with words for 2 secs and asked for immediate recall in any order
. serial position curve revealed
. primary effect is when there’s better recall for words at beginning of list moved to ltm through rehearsal
. recency effect is when last words recalled because still in stm
. words from the middle tend to be displaced
. suggests separate stm and ltm stores

. Beardsley found pre frontal cortex was active in stm tasks and not in ltm tasks

. Squire found that hippocampus active only in ltm tasks through brain scanning

Question 18

what research weakens the multi store memory model?

Answer 18

. Shallice and Warrington (1970) found patient Kf with brain damage had trouble remembering verbal info however visual info was okay which suggests different memory stores rather than the one type suggested in this model

. Watkins (1973) suggested type of rehearsal> amount.
. msm focuses on maintenance rehearsal but not elaborative rehearsal meaning model may need amendments as it cant explain this research

Question 19

What is episodic memory?

Answer 19

. proposed by Tulving (1985)
. long term store of personal events, includes memories o when, who, what and behaviours that produce 1 memory
. conscious effort required to pull information form it

Question 20

What is semantic memory?

Answer 20

. proposed by Tulving (1985)
. long term store of knowledge of world, includes facts and knowledge of words and concepts meanings
. recalled with conscious effort

Question 21

what is procedural memory?

Answer 21

. proposed by Tulving (1985)
. long term store of knowledge of how to do things, includes memories of learned skills,
. normally requires no conscious effort

Question 22

what is supporting evidence for types of LTM?

Answer 22

. case study of Clive Wearing demonstrating episodic memory impairment after amnesia but semantic and procedural okay
. Tulving et al (1994) asked p’s to do various tasks while brain scanned, found left prefrontal cortex involved in semantic and right prefrontal cortex involved episodic

Question 23

what is weaknesses of research into types of ltm?

Answer 23

. often research only done on one individual so van be generalised to people with no brain damage
. Cohen and Squire (1980) disagreed with Tulving’s 3 types and think episodic and semantic are stored together and suggest semantic is derived from episodic

Question 24

what is the working memory model?

Answer 24

. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) thought msm too simple so proposed wmm
. it focuses only on stm and suggests its made up of different units coordinated by central decision making system
. contains central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
. stemmed from dual tasks that found a person could do 1 visual and 1 auditory task at same time but couldn’t do 2 visual

Question 25

what is the central executive?

Answer 25

. component of wmm coordinating 3 slave systems that allocates processes and resources, has no capacity and a limited number of stimuli

Question 26

what is the phonological loop?

Answer 26

. processes auditory info, coded acoustically stores and retrieves info about language and allows learning of new vocab
. has two store - phonological store (inner ear) speech based, heard words -articulatory control system (inner voice)capacity is what can be said in 2 secs, allows maintenance rehearsal

Question 27

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 27

. processes visual and spatial information, can access ltm to visualise something capacity is limited, 3-4 objects
. Logie (1995) divided into 2 sections: visual cache - info on form and colour, inner scribe - spatial positions of objects in visual field, rehearses and transfers info in visual cache to central executive

Question 28

what is the episodic buffer?

Answer 28

. brings together material from other slaves into 1 memory and provides bridge between working and ltm, added to model in 2000
. has a capacity of about 4 chunks

Question 29

what are the strengths of the working memory model?

Answer 29

. KF couldn’t remember verbal commands but could recall written words succeeding phonological loop damaged and visuo-spatial sketchpad in tact

. Baddeley et al (1975) asked p’s to track light while envisioning a block capital letter (both use vss) p’s struggled
. asked p’s to follow light while answering verbal cues (pl and vss)
. p’s found it easier to do second which supports idea of multiple slave systems

Question 30

what are the weaknesses of working memory model?

Answer 30

. cannot account for musical memory
. Berz (1995) found p’s could listen to instrumentals without impairing performance of other auditory tasks despite both using pl

.central executive is poorly define defined vague suggesting further research is needed to fully understand this component which questions the usefulness of one of the main parts of this model

Question 31

What is interference theory

Answer 31

. 12 pieces of info complete and one disrupt ability to recall other making it hard to locate memories-forgetting the more similar than memory, more likely to forget, less likely to occur when there is a gap between learning
. Two diff types

Question 32

What is proactive interference and who researched it

Answer 32

. Old info affect learning of new info
. Keppel and Underwood (1962) replicated Peterson and Peterson. Found the participants remembered letters presented first which supports proactive interference

Question 33

What does retroactive interference and who researched it

Answer 33

. New info effect recall of old info
. Schmidt at all (2000) ask participants to recall childhood street names, found number of house moves outside area increased, so did number of forgotten street names-supports retroactive

Question 34

how did McGeoh and McDonald research retroactive interference

Answer 34

. 1931
. Studied retroactive interference by change and similarity between two materials, participants learn 10 words until they could remember them then they learn a new list with six variations of similarity including synonyms, antonyms, consonants et cetera
. Found that synonyms produce the worst recall showing interference is strongest my memories are similar

Question 35

What are the strengths and weaknesses of interference theory

Answer 35

. S-Conducted in lab settings – variables controlled so increase validity
. S-Natural evidence badly Anne Heche found rugby players asked to recall names of teams played through season, those played more games have worst record of names-real life therefore ecological validity
. W- Conducted in lab experiments-law is ecological validity results on generalisable to real life, limits usefulness
. W-Artificial materials-Mcgeoh and Macdonald used random word which means it lacks mundane realism and also a greater chance of an appearance of study should use real life memories

Question 36

What is retrieval failure in the encoding specificity principal

Answer 36

. Retrieval failure is the theory that memories in long-term memory are accessible but not available, forgetting is due to lack of cues
. Tulving proposed encoding specificity principle-states Q has to be present at encoding and retrieval. If it’s not there, will be forgotten, queues can be internal or external

Question 37

What is context dependent forgetting and explain Goddon and baddely

Answer 37

. Occurs when environment of recall is the difference of that of learning
. Gordon badly (1975) investigated by asking divers to learn words either on land or water then what is the recall them either in the same environment or different. Found recalled accuracy 40% lower in non-matching conditions-due to external cues

Question 38

What is state dependent forgetting and explain Carter and Cassidy

Answer 38

. Because one mood/physiological state during recall is different from that of learning
. Call Lauren Cassidy dash of participants to take miles that it is antihistamine which created internal physiological state different to normal, they then learn words on drug or not and you have been recalled in either same or combos condition, found recall accuracy worse in unmatched conditions

Question 39

What are the strengths and weaknesses of retrieval failure

Answer 39

. S -Lots of supporting evidence-Kah and Cassidy-increases validity
. S -Natural evidence- godden and baddeley conducted in natural environment so results not only to the lab experiment-increases ecological validity
. W -Ethical issues-car and Cassidy require participants to take drugs which of the mental state and cause distress
. W -Contact affect-badly (1977) argues learning something in one context recalling in another might not be a major on with environments are extremely different – decreases internal validity

Question 40

What were the procedures and findings of Loftus and Palmer

Answer 40

. Students watch clip of car crash then were given a leading question “about how fast were the cars going one day – each other “
. There were five groups to each receive the different verb,, contacted, bum, collided, smashed
. Found contacted yielded lowest speed was smashed yielded highest
. This is explain by response bias explanation

Question 41

What was the procedure and findings of the following experiment to Loftus and Palmer

Answer 41

. Asked a week later, found participants asked smashed were more likely to say they saw broken glass than those asked other words for spinal broken glass in the video, explain by substitution exclamation-wording changed participant actual memories

Question 42

What is post event discussion and who are Gabbeft at al

Answer 42

. When witness is the score of crime with each other resulting in contaminated memories
. Gabbart at all (2003) studied participants in pairs were video of same crime with watch but from different point of use. They both discussed what they saw before completing separate recall tests
. Phone 71% mistaking me recalled unseen events from disussion
. Control group with no discussion record 0% wrong info
. Concluded memory conformity done for approval (NSI) and uncertainty (ISI)

Question 43

What are the strengths and weaknesses of research into misleading information

Answer 43

. S increase awareness-police avoid leading questions increases accuracy
. Real life application-cognitive interview developed prevent wrongful conviction
. W Artificial tasks – Loftus and Palmer use video not real cars and emotions can affect memory- limits application
. W Demand characteristics-done in lots of resource May be invalid

Question 44

What is anxiety

Answer 44

. State of emotional and physical arousal with strong emotions and physical effects

Question 45

Explain anxiety has a negative effect on recall and who are Johnson and Scott

Answer 45

. Arousal prevents attention to recall decrease
. Participants deceived to believe participating in lab study whilst waiting heard arguing in the next room, a man emerged in one condition he held a pen and had grease on his hand but in a high anxiety condition breaking glass was heard and the man was holding a paper knife covered in blood
. Participant of the pig man from 50 photos after it happened, 49% in low condition could find compared to 33% in high
.  tunnel theory-attention arrows on weapon as it is the cause of anxiety

Question 46

Explain anxiety as a positive effect on recall and who are Yuille and Cutshawl

Answer 46

. Fight or flight triggered and anxiety conditions which increases alertness and improve memory
. Investigated anxiety on eyewitness testimony, interviewed real witnesses of a shoot in Canada where shopowner killed a thief
.  21 original witnesses with 30° in front of you had 45 months after incident which were compared to OG police interviews they were asked how stressed they were at the time
. Witnesses found to be accurate in accounts, participants are reported how you think they were more accurate suggesting fight or flight great arousal leading to recall

Question 47

Who are Yerks and Dodson and why did they propose

Answer 47

. Lower anxiety create lower recall increase anxiety cause increased recall until optimum is reached, after this increased anxiety equals decrease recall

Question 48

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Anxiety in eyewitness testimony

Answer 48

. S Real life applications-enhance cognitive interviews by police to reduce anxiety increase recall produces accurate eyewitness testimony
. S evidence from labs – conditions control which increases validity
. W Ethical issues Johnson in Scotts participants likely experience distress so Arent protected from harm
. W demand characteristics-lots used film crimes so participants may figure out what being asked of them then respond to that

Question 49

What is the cognitive interview

Answer 49

. Type of interview that uses different ways to access information to reduce anxiety and increase recall

Question 50

What is the enhanced cognitive interview

Answer 50

. Fisher at al
. Develop interview that focused on social dynamics of interaction and include ideas such as reducing eyewitness anxiety minimising distractions and getting witnesses to speak slowly and asking open-ended questions

Question 51

. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive interview

Answer 51

. S produces better record than standard police interviews suggesting that it should be use more commonly
. S Evidence to support its usefulness Kohnken conducted matter analysis of 50 studies and found enhanced cognitive interview consistently provided more correct info
. W it’s very time consuming as Rapport has to be established and takes a lot of time for training to be given
. W it cannot be used on the vulnerable people like young children who would find it too complex suggesting individual differences may cause worse info and make it more inaccurate