Memory Flashcards
Define Storage
When information is kept in your brain for a period of time, even up to a lifetime
Define Encoding(input)
Translating (changing) information into a form that can be understood by the brain.
Retrieval (output)
When information is located in the brain and brought back.
What are the three ways to retrieve memories?
Recognition
Cued Recall
Free Recall
Define Recognition
Remembering an item based on the fact that you have seen it before.
Define Cued Recall
When you are struggling to recall information and you are given a ‘clue’ or ‘cue’ which can help you to retrieve the information.
Free Recall
When you are able to retrieve information without any ‘cues’.
What are the three types of encoding
Visual
Acoustic
Semantic
Define visual encoding
When information tends to be coded in terms of how it looks
Define Acoustic Encoding
When information tends to be coded in terms of sound
Define Semantic encoding
When Information tends to be encoded in terms of meaning
What are the three types of Long term memory (LTM)
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Define Episodic memory
These are based on our experience in life. Often you can remember the where, who, what, when, why and even how.
What is Semantic Memory
Semantic memory is all about meaning.
This is based around the knowledge that you share with others.
This is not related to time or an event it is based on what we all know.
What is Procedural Memory
Procedural memory is sometimes known as ‘muscle memory’.
This is based on remembering how to do things.
We recall these memories without having to put much thought into it.
What is an Extraneous Variable
An extra unwanted variable that is not the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable.
What is Internal validity
Will be high if the researcher is accurately measuring what they intend to measure (the effect of the IV on the DV)
Will be low if the extraneous variables affect the dependent variable.
What is the Multi Store Model of Memory (MSM)
Multi Store Model of memory (MSM) describes flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM) and long- term memory (LTM).
Explain a diagram for the multi store model of memory (MSM)
Input from the environment -> (Encode) -> Sensory memory-> (pay attention)-> Short term memory (stays in STM with maintenance rehearsal) -> (Transfer)-> Long Term Memory-> (Retrieval)-> Short Term Memory-> (Displacement)-> Output
What is Attention (in MSM)
Process that makes people aware of information in the memory
What is Maintenance Rehearsal (in MSM)
Process of repeating information so that it stays in storage, temporarily or permanently.
What is Displacement (in MSM)
Information is ‘shunted out’ of storage by new information, and so becomes forgotten.