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Brain And Behaviour > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define learning

A

Acquisition of new knowledge or skills

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2
Q

Define memory

A

Retention of learned information

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3
Q

Define declarative memory

A

Memory for facts and events

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4
Q

Define episodic memory

A

Autobiographical life experiences

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5
Q

Define semantic memory

A

Facts

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6
Q

Define nondeclarative memories

A

Memory for skills, habits, emotional responses, and some reflexes

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7
Q

Define procedural memory

A

Memory for skills and behaviour

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8
Q

What two categories does the formation of procedural memory occur?

A
  1. Nonassociative learning
  2. Associative learning
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9
Q

Define nonassociative learning

A

A change in behavioural response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimuli

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10
Q

What are the two types of nonassociative learning?

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Sensitisation
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11
Q

Define habituation

A

Learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning

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12
Q

Define sensitisation

A

A form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli, even one’s that previously evoked little or no reaction

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13
Q

Define associative learning

A

Behaviour altered by the formation Of associations between events

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14
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A
  1. Classical learning
  2. Instrumental learning
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15
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Involves associating a stimulus that evokes a measurable response with a second stimulus that does not evoke a response

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16
Q

Define instrumental conditioning

A

An individual learns to associate a response, a motor act, with a meaningful stimulus, typically a reward such as food

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17
Q

What are long term memories

A

Those you can recall days, months, or years after they were originally stored,

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18
Q

What are short term memories?

A

Retention of information about recent events or facts that is not yet consolidated into long term memory

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19
Q

Define memory consolidation

A

The process by which short term memories lasting hours to days are converted into long term memories lasting weeks to years

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20
Q

Define working memories

A

Information storage that is temporary, limited in capacity and requires continual rehearsal

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21
Q

Define amnesia

A

A severe loss of memory or the ability to learn

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22
Q

What are dissociated amnesia

A

Amnesia not accompanied by an other cognitive deficit

23
Q

What are the two types of memory loss?

A
  1. Retrograde amnesia
  2. Anterograde amnesia
24
Q

Define retrograde amnesia

A

Events for a period of time prior to the trauma are forgotten but the memories from the distant past and the period following the trauma are intact

Loss of declarative information learned prior

25
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Events prior to the trauma can be remembered but there are no memories for the period following the trauma

Inability to form new memories

26
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that lasts for only a period of minutes to days, often accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recent events preceding the attack

27
Q

What brain region is involved in retaining information in working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

28
Q

What neuron temporarily holds information

A

LIP

29
Q

Define engram or memory trace

A

The physical representation or location of a memory

30
Q

What was Lashleys contribution to memory storage?

A

That all of the cortex participates in memory storage, and that an engram can be widely distributed in the brain

31
Q

What did Hebb propose?

A

The internal representation of an object consists of all three cortical cells that are activated by the external stimulus.

32
Q

Define cell assembly

A

A group of simultaneously active neurons that represent an object held in memory

33
Q

What did Hebb discover about engram?

A
  1. It could be widely distributed among the connections that link the cells of the assembly
  2. It could involve the same neurons that are involved in sensation and perception
34
Q

What brain site stores long term memory?

A

Temporal neocortex

Medial temporal lobe is essential for the formation of declarative memories

35
Q

How does sensory information flow through the medial temporal lobe?

A

Sensory information
Cortical association areas
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL and rhinos cortical areas
Hippocampus - feed back look to the cortical association areas
FORNIX
Thalamus, hypothalamus

36
Q

What is a major output pathway from the hippocampus?

A

FORNIX

37
Q

What role do selective neurons play in the hippocampus regarding memory?

A

Serve a role in the formation of new memories of people and things we already recognise

38
Q

What happens when the medial temporal lobe is damaged?

A

Severe anterograde amnesia

39
Q

What is delayed non-match to sample?

A

A behavioural task in which animals are trained to displace one of two alternative objects that does not match a previously seen sample object

40
Q

Define recognition memory

A

Ability to judge whether a stimulus has been seen before

41
Q

What causes the most severe memory deficits?

A

Damage to the perirhinal cortex - not specific to information from a particularly sensory modality

42
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in memories?

A
  1. In binding sensory information for the purpose of memory consolidation
  2. Supports spatial memory of the location of objects of behavioural importance
  3. Storage of memories for some length
43
Q

Define place cells

A

A neuron in the rat hippocampus that responds only when the animal is in a certain region of space

44
Q

What role does the caudate play in memory?

A

Reflects movement planning

45
Q

What are grid cells

A

Respond when an Nima is at multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid

Located in entorhinal cortex

46
Q

How does grid cells and place cells interact?

A

Place fields in the hippocampus may result from summation of inputs from grid cells

47
Q

What is the cognitive map theory?

A

States that the hippocampus is specialised for creating a spatial map of the environment

48
Q

What is the standard model of memory consolidation?

A

Information comes through neocortex areas associated with sensory systems and is then sent to the medial temporal lobe for processing.

49
Q

What is synaptic consolidation?

A

The transformation of sensory information into a temporary memory trace in the hippocampusn

50
Q

What is systems consolidation

A

Occurs in which engrams are moved gradually over time into distributed areas of the neocortex,

51
Q

What is multiple trace model of consolidation?

A

An alternative to the standard model of memory consolidation in which the hippocampus participates indefinitely in memory storage along with the neocortex; in this model, each time an episodic memory is recalled in a new context, an additional memory is formed

52
Q

Define reconsolidation

A

The process of retrieving, modifying and storing a memory that was previously consolidated

53
Q

What happens to memory when a lesion is present on the FORNIX or striatum?

A

FORNIX - degraded performance in standard maze task but light task unaffected

Striatum - impaired light task, no affect on standard task

54
Q

What brain site is linked to habit learning

A

Striatum

Brain And Behaviour (9 decks)

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