memory

Question 1

Thinking

Answer 1

Cognitive behaviour in which ideas, mental representations or other hypothetical elements of thought are experienced or manipulated

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

Mental representation of how environmental events are perceived in line with the senses
Fades very quickly

Question 3

Short term memory/working memory

Answer 3

Ensemble of mental components that hold limited information temporarily in a heightened state
Used in ongoing information processing

Question 4

Immediate serial recall

Answer 4

Participants asked to remember a sequence of items presented sequentially and immediately after presentation to report sequence back in order

Question 5

Long term memory

Answer 5

Brain’s bank of info of what someone has learned over a life time
Almost unlimited and permanent

Question 6

Temporal cortex

Answer 6

Includes hippocampus
Associated with storage of new memories

Question 7

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 7

Associated with encoding new memories and retrieving old memories

Question 8

Multi store model

Answer 8

Critical element of this theory was the idea that the amount of rehearsal determines whether information is transferred to long term memory

Question 9

Multi store model - Rundus (1971)

Answer 9

When participants rehearsed out loud, the more they rehearsed the more they remembered it

Question 10

Multi store model - Souza & Obeaurer (2018)

Answer 10

No difference in performance between repetitions despite changing the amount of rehearsal
Goes against multi-store model

Question 11

Working memory model - Central executive

Answer 11

Attentional system primarily responsible for coordinating activity within the cognitive system

Question 12

Working memory model - Phonological loop

Answer 12

System that processes and stores information briefly in phonological form

Question 13

Working memory model - Viso-spatial sketchpad

Answer 13

Specialised system that processes and stores spatial and visual information briefly

Question 14

Working memory model - Episodic buffer

Answer 14

Passive system that integrates information from different systems

Question 15

Working memory model - Baddeley & Hitch

Answer 15

Most important component is phonological loop which has two parts, articulatory process and phonological store

Question 16

Articulatory process

Answer 16

Inner voice that rehearses verbal information
Auditory information can enter the phonological store directly but visual information must be rehearsed

Question 17

Phonological store

Answer 17

Inner ear that stores information in phonological form

Question 18

Word length effect

Answer 18

Participants performance is better for short words relative to longer words

Question 19

Evidence against working memory model - Jalbert et al. (2011)

Answer 19

Short words had more orthographic neighbours
Words with more orthographic neighbours are better remembered than ones with less
Word length effect is irrelevant if controlled for orthographic neighbours

Question 20

Hebb repetition effect (Hebb, 1961)

Answer 20

Participants study sequence of nine digits and every three trials one sequence is repeated
Participants unaware of repetition but performance improves
We don’t need to be conscious to learn (unlike multi store model)

Question 21

Concreteness - (Walker & Hulme, 1999)

Answer 21

Concrete words like orange are easier to remember than abstract words

Question 22

Word frequency - (Roodenrys et al. 1994)

Answer 22

High frequency words are remembered better than low frequency words

Question 23

Valence and memory

Answer 23

Valence of word does not affect memorisation

Question 24

Arousal and memory

Answer 24

Arousal of words does affect memorisation