Memory Flashcards
How does memory work?
Triggers and clues aid recall of memories that are rehearsed
Primacy effect
First information given
Recency effect
Recent information given
Information processing
Information is taken in by the senses and responded to
Computer analogy
Human mind operates Iike a computer- handles input, processes and outputs in the form of behavior
What is the memory?
The mental process used to encode, store and retrieve information
How important is the memory?
Allows us to recall events, skills and knowledge
Example of developmental changes in memory
Alzheimer’s effects people over 65
Who came up with the multi store model and when?
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s - 1969 and 1971
What is the order of the msm?
Sensory memory-short term memory-long term memory
What information is encoded in the sensory memory?
Sight, touch, taste, hear, smell
How long is information held in the sensory memory and why is this?
1-2 seconds due to limited capacity
How is information from the sensory memory moved into the STM?
Attention
How long are memories held in the STM and how many items are held?
15-30 seconds- 7 +/- 2 items
What happens to info that is not rehearsed in the STM?
Displacement
How is info moved from the STM to my LTM?
Rehearsal in the rehearsal loop
Capacity and time of the LTM?
Infinite
How is information lost from the LTM?
Trace decay- dissipates
Evaluation of the msm
- distinction between the STM and LTM
-supports serial position effect with the rehearsal loop
-case of HM as he was unable to transfer info over to LTM
-more than one LTM store
-people do not need to rehearse
Serial position effect?
Position of information and its chance of recall
Intermediate effect
Low recall of information given in the middle of a list
How does the STM encode?
Acoustically
How does the LTM encode?
Semantically (meaning)
Who created the working memory model and when?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
What did baddeley and hitch believe?
The stm store in the msm was too simplistic- they believed there was different processes that manipulate info
What are the different parts of the wmm?
Central executive, Visuo-spatial sketch pad, phonological loop (articulately control system and phonological store), episodic buffer, LTM
Where does data come into?
Central executive
What is the role of the articulately control system?
Rehearses words as the inner voice
role of the phonological store?
Stores what you hear
Role of central executive?
Organization of information
Role of phonological loop?
Auditory information
Role of visuo-spatial sketch pad?
Deals with visual information and records placement
Role of episodic buffer?
Pulls info from LTM
What are the 3 parts of the LTM?
Language, episodic LTM and visual semantics
Who was KC?
Amnesiac who showed how we make memories meaning and personal. After being in a motorcycle accident and loosing hippocampus- Tulving discovered he could remember semantic facts due to his parahippocampus
What did Tulving do and when?
In 1972 made the distinction between semantic and episodic LTM
Semantic memory
Stores meaning, concepts, facts
Episodic memory
Stores experiences and events with emotion
Procedural memory
Knowledge of skills- once you know how to do you wont think about the steps to do it anymore
Supporting evidence for separate components of LTM
Clive Wearing- only remember skills such as piano but couldn’t remember being able to- episodic
HM- hippocampus removed- could learn new skills but not create new memories- procedural uneffected- cerebellum was undamaged
- different stores interact with one another
Cerebellum
Creation of procedural memories
Hippocampus
Controls learning and memory
How do we now the stm has different units
Dual task experiment
What dual tasks make performance poor?
Two visual and verbal
When is performance good in dual task
Spatial and verbal
Strengths of wmm?
Baddeley 1996- looks into how info is encoded
Fits everyday info of stores and how problems are stored
Supports the idea that we do not have to rehearse everything with the verbal rehearsal
Weaknesses of wmm?
Baddeley experiment is experimental and doesn’t show how memory works with real life tasks
Functions of central executive are hard to test and vague
Only focuses upon the STM
Baddeley (1996) aim?
To find out if the LTM encodes acoustically or semantically
IV of baddeley 1966?
1)acoustically similar or dissimilar word list
2)semantically similar or dissimilar wordlist
3)performance before 20 min delay and performance after
How are IV 1 and 2 tested in Baddeley 1966? IV3?
Independent group design- IV 3 repeated measures
DV of Baddeley 1966?
Score on a recall test of 10 words being recalled in the same order
Why are Baddeley’s experiments significant?
. Shows how scientific research can be improved
. Supports cognitive approach
. Use of extracting extraneous variables
. Importance of experimental designs as it uses 2 types
What was different about Baddeley’s first two attempt?
He realized the STM was helping the LTM as two stores were working together so he added the interference task and instead used a tape recording
Sample of Baddeley 1966
Men and women from Baddeley’s Uni
Volunteers
72 ppts
15- acoustically similar
16- semantically similar
How many trials in Baddeley?
4
How many words were presented and for how long?
10 words on a slideshow- 3 seconds
What happened between each trial in Baddeley?
Ppts get a 15 min interference task of writing down 8 numbers 3 times
What did ppts have to remember in baddeley?
Word order as words were on signs around the room
What was the final trial of baddeley?
An unexpected surprise trial- 5
Acoustically similar?
Similar sound
Semantically similar?
Similar meaning
How did ppts manage with acoustically similar words?
Ppts found the words confusing at first but began to catch up. Control group overtakes- LTM is not confused by acoustic similarities
Semantically similar results?
Confusing and the experimental group lags behind and never catches up, even to the acoustic. Little forgetting takes place but scores were lower
conclusion of baddeley?
LTM encodes semantically
STM encodes acoustically
Reliability of baddeley
Experiment was done correctly to ensure for reliable and and true results to apply to everyday memory. Correction of the previous 2 experiments
Application of baddeley
In everyday life people are unlikely to revise word orders
Validity of baddeley
Lab setting with words in an order I unreal to everyday life
Ethicality of baddeley
Extremely ethical however caused doubts to people’s memory abilities
Generalisability of baddeley
Study was done for both genders however there was only 15 ppts making it limited per group. All taken from a uni
Schema inconsistent-
Not as easy to relate to life
Schema consistent
More close relation to life
What does Fredrick Bartlett focus on (1932)
Memory errors and mis-remembering
What is memory recall based upon?
What we expect based on pre- existing knowledge than what actually happened
What was Barttlets war of the ghost story study?
20 ppts asked to repeat the story after intervals after eating he story twice up to 2 years after
Bartlett conclusion
memory is reconstructive. It is rarely accurate and prone to distortion and simplification
What happened when ppts repeated bartletts story?
Odd details left out, story was shortened, items transformed into familiar details
Contemporary study of cognitive?
Steyvers and hemmer (2012)
Aim of SnH?
See how semantic memory was used to reconstruct episodic recall
What environment was used in SnH?
Naturalistic
What is another term given for semantic memory?
Prior knowledge
How many ppts were used from the experimental pool? SnH
96
What was the expectation test of SnH?
25 ppts list objects they expect to see
What was the perception test SnH?
22ppts list what they see
What 5 scenes were used in SnH?
Kitchen, office, urban, hotel and dining
What was the reason for 10 sec exposure?
Use of episodic memory before prior knowledge
Rates of recall inSnH? And why was it surprising?
9% and 18%- prior research shows that there would be more unexpected recall of unexpected items
Mean number of objects recalled at 2 secs? SnH
7.57
Mean number of objects recalled at 10 sec? SnH
10.05
What do the results of SnH show?
Prior knowledge helps with good guesses of what’s expected in these contexts
Conclusion of SnH?
Recall of naturalistic scenes and prior knowledge can contribute to curate recall in episodic memory tasks
Picture time ordering in SnH?
Scenes shown in a different order and people end up fed up- dining and office shown most with 105 times and the others only 25
What is a case study?
Descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis
3 weaknesses of case studies?
- Costly for time and resources
- Difficult to replicate
- Ethicality? Could they say yes?
3 positives of case studies?
- Detailed information
- Not artificial
- Investigation of otherwise impractical investigations
Limitations of the msm x2
- Too much emphasis on rehearsal
- Shows a single LTM system instead of division of skills events and so on e.g HM and CW
Positives of msm
Memory divided into LTM and STM
Hippocampus removal which creates new memories
Serial position effect- loop
