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Cognitive Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

How does memory work?

A

Triggers and clues aid recall of memories that are rehearsed

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2
Q

Primacy effect

A

First information given

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3
Q

Recency effect

A

Recent information given

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4
Q

Information processing

A

Information is taken in by the senses and responded to

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5
Q

Computer analogy

A

Human mind operates Iike a computer- handles input, processes and outputs in the form of behavior

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6
Q

What is the memory?

A

The mental process used to encode, store and retrieve information

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7
Q

How important is the memory?

A

Allows us to recall events, skills and knowledge

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8
Q

Example of developmental changes in memory

A

Alzheimer’s effects people over 65

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9
Q

Who came up with the multi store model and when?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s - 1969 and 1971

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10
Q

What is the order of the msm?

A

Sensory memory-short term memory-long term memory

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11
Q

What information is encoded in the sensory memory?

A

Sight, touch, taste, hear, smell

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12
Q

How long is information held in the sensory memory and why is this?

A

1-2 seconds due to limited capacity

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13
Q

How is information from the sensory memory moved into the STM?

A

Attention

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14
Q

How long are memories held in the STM and how many items are held?

A

15-30 seconds- 7 +/- 2 items

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15
Q

What happens to info that is not rehearsed in the STM?

A

Displacement

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16
Q

How is info moved from the STM to my LTM?

A

Rehearsal in the rehearsal loop

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17
Q

Capacity and time of the LTM?

A

Infinite

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18
Q

How is information lost from the LTM?

A

Trace decay- dissipates

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19
Q

Evaluation of the msm

A
  • distinction between the STM and LTM
    -supports serial position effect with the rehearsal loop
    -case of HM as he was unable to transfer info over to LTM
    -more than one LTM store
    -people do not need to rehearse
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20
Q

Serial position effect?

A

Position of information and its chance of recall

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21
Q

Intermediate effect

A

Low recall of information given in the middle of a list

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22
Q

How does the STM encode?

A

Acoustically

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23
Q

How does the LTM encode?

A

Semantically (meaning)

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24
Q

Who created the working memory model and when?

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

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25
Q

What did baddeley and hitch believe?

A

The stm store in the msm was too simplistic- they believed there was different processes that manipulate info

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26
Q

What are the different parts of the wmm?

A

Central executive, Visuo-spatial sketch pad, phonological loop (articulately control system and phonological store), episodic buffer, LTM

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27
Q

Where does data come into?

A

Central executive

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28
Q

What is the role of the articulately control system?

A

Rehearses words as the inner voice

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29
Q

role of the phonological store?

A

Stores what you hear

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30
Q

Role of central executive?

A

Organization of information

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31
Q

Role of phonological loop?

A

Auditory information

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32
Q

Role of visuo-spatial sketch pad?

A

Deals with visual information and records placement

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33
Q

Role of episodic buffer?

A

Pulls info from LTM

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34
Q

What are the 3 parts of the LTM?

A

Language, episodic LTM and visual semantics

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35
Q

Who was KC?

A

Amnesiac who showed how we make memories meaning and personal. After being in a motorcycle accident and loosing hippocampus- Tulving discovered he could remember semantic facts due to his parahippocampus

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36
Q

What did Tulving do and when?

A

In 1972 made the distinction between semantic and episodic LTM

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37
Q

Semantic memory

A

Stores meaning, concepts, facts

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38
Q

Episodic memory

A

Stores experiences and events with emotion

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39
Q

Procedural memory

A

Knowledge of skills- once you know how to do you wont think about the steps to do it anymore

40
Q

Supporting evidence for separate components of LTM

A

Clive Wearing- only remember skills such as piano but couldn’t remember being able to- episodic
HM- hippocampus removed- could learn new skills but not create new memories- procedural uneffected- cerebellum was undamaged
- different stores interact with one another

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Creation of procedural memories

42
Q

Hippocampus

A

Controls learning and memory

43
Q

How do we now the stm has different units

A

Dual task experiment

44
Q

What dual tasks make performance poor?

A

Two visual and verbal

45
Q

When is performance good in dual task

A

Spatial and verbal

46
Q

Strengths of wmm?

A

Baddeley 1996- looks into how info is encoded
Fits everyday info of stores and how problems are stored
Supports the idea that we do not have to rehearse everything with the verbal rehearsal

47
Q

Weaknesses of wmm?

A

Baddeley experiment is experimental and doesn’t show how memory works with real life tasks
Functions of central executive are hard to test and vague
Only focuses upon the STM

48
Q

Baddeley (1996) aim?

A

To find out if the LTM encodes acoustically or semantically

49
Q

IV of baddeley 1966?

A

1)acoustically similar or dissimilar word list
2)semantically similar or dissimilar wordlist
3)performance before 20 min delay and performance after

50
Q

How are IV 1 and 2 tested in Baddeley 1966? IV3?

A

Independent group design- IV 3 repeated measures

51
Q

DV of Baddeley 1966?

A

Score on a recall test of 10 words being recalled in the same order

52
Q

Why are Baddeley’s experiments significant?

A

. Shows how scientific research can be improved
. Supports cognitive approach
. Use of extracting extraneous variables
. Importance of experimental designs as it uses 2 types

53
Q

What was different about Baddeley’s first two attempt?

A

He realized the STM was helping the LTM as two stores were working together so he added the interference task and instead used a tape recording

54
Q

Sample of Baddeley 1966

A

Men and women from Baddeley’s Uni
Volunteers
72 ppts
15- acoustically similar
16- semantically similar

55
Q

How many trials in Baddeley?

A

4

56
Q

How many words were presented and for how long?

A

10 words on a slideshow- 3 seconds

57
Q

What happened between each trial in Baddeley?

A

Ppts get a 15 min interference task of writing down 8 numbers 3 times

58
Q

What did ppts have to remember in baddeley?

A

Word order as words were on signs around the room

59
Q

What was the final trial of baddeley?

A

An unexpected surprise trial- 5

60
Q

Acoustically similar?

A

Similar sound

61
Q

Semantically similar?

A

Similar meaning

62
Q

How did ppts manage with acoustically similar words?

A

Ppts found the words confusing at first but began to catch up. Control group overtakes- LTM is not confused by acoustic similarities

63
Q

Semantically similar results?

A

Confusing and the experimental group lags behind and never catches up, even to the acoustic. Little forgetting takes place but scores were lower

64
Q

conclusion of baddeley?

A

LTM encodes semantically
STM encodes acoustically

65
Q

Reliability of baddeley

A

Experiment was done correctly to ensure for reliable and and true results to apply to everyday memory. Correction of the previous 2 experiments

66
Q

Application of baddeley

A

In everyday life people are unlikely to revise word orders

67
Q

Validity of baddeley

A

Lab setting with words in an order I unreal to everyday life

68
Q

Ethicality of baddeley

A

Extremely ethical however caused doubts to people’s memory abilities

69
Q

Generalisability of baddeley

A

Study was done for both genders however there was only 15 ppts making it limited per group. All taken from a uni

70
Q

Schema inconsistent-

A

Not as easy to relate to life

71
Q

Schema consistent

A

More close relation to life

72
Q

What does Fredrick Bartlett focus on (1932)

A

Memory errors and mis-remembering

73
Q

What is memory recall based upon?

A

What we expect based on pre- existing knowledge than what actually happened

74
Q

What was Barttlets war of the ghost story study?

A

20 ppts asked to repeat the story after intervals after eating he story twice up to 2 years after

75
Q

Bartlett conclusion

A

memory is reconstructive. It is rarely accurate and prone to distortion and simplification

76
Q

What happened when ppts repeated bartletts story?

A

Odd details left out, story was shortened, items transformed into familiar details

77
Q

Contemporary study of cognitive?

A

Steyvers and hemmer (2012)

78
Q

Aim of SnH?

A

See how semantic memory was used to reconstruct episodic recall

79
Q

What environment was used in SnH?

A

Naturalistic

80
Q

What is another term given for semantic memory?

A

Prior knowledge

81
Q

How many ppts were used from the experimental pool? SnH

A

96

82
Q

What was the expectation test of SnH?

A

25 ppts list objects they expect to see

83
Q

What was the perception test SnH?

A

22ppts list what they see

84
Q

What 5 scenes were used in SnH?

A

Kitchen, office, urban, hotel and dining

85
Q

What was the reason for 10 sec exposure?

A

Use of episodic memory before prior knowledge

86
Q

Rates of recall inSnH? And why was it surprising?

A

9% and 18%- prior research shows that there would be more unexpected recall of unexpected items

87
Q

Mean number of objects recalled at 2 secs? SnH

A

7.57

88
Q

Mean number of objects recalled at 10 sec? SnH

A

10.05

89
Q

What do the results of SnH show?

A

Prior knowledge helps with good guesses of what’s expected in these contexts

90
Q

Conclusion of SnH?

A

Recall of naturalistic scenes and prior knowledge can contribute to curate recall in episodic memory tasks

91
Q

Picture time ordering in SnH?

A

Scenes shown in a different order and people end up fed up- dining and office shown most with 105 times and the others only 25

92
Q

What is a case study?

A

Descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis

93
Q

3 weaknesses of case studies?

A
  1. Costly for time and resources
  2. Difficult to replicate
  3. Ethicality? Could they say yes?
94
Q

3 positives of case studies?

A
  1. Detailed information
  2. Not artificial
  3. Investigation of otherwise impractical investigations
95
Q

Limitations of the msm x2

A
  1. Too much emphasis on rehearsal
  2. Shows a single LTM system instead of division of skills events and so on e.g HM and CW
96
Q

Positives of msm

A

Memory divided into LTM and STM
Hippocampus removal which creates new memories
Serial position effect- loop

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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