memory Flashcards
what is episodic memory
memory of events
what is semantic memory
memory of facts and knowledge
what is procedural memory
memory of how to do things
what did Tulving (1989) do and find
brain scans where he found that episodic memory was found in the frontal cortex and semantic memory was found at the back
what did Belleville (2006) do
devised intervention to improve episodic memory in elderly people (real world application)
what is the coding, capacity and duration of sensory memory
coding - modality specific (senses)
capacity - very high
duration - less than half a second
what is the coding, capacity and duration of short term memory
coding - acoustically
capacity - 5-9 items
duration - 18 secs
what is the coding, capacity and duration of long term memory
coding - semantically
capacity - unlimited
duration - lifetime
how does the multi store model of memory go
input –> sensory memory -attention-> short term memory - rehearsal-> long term memory
I I
V V
decay decay/displacement
who devised the multi store model of memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin
what kind of model is the multi store model
computer model
what is encoding
the way information is changed so it ca b stored in memory
what is capacity
how much information can be stored
what is duration
how long information can be stored for
what are 2 strengths of the multi store model
+ gives us a good understanding of the structure of short term memory
+ Glanzer et al demonstrated support for long term and short term memory being different stores
what is a weakness of the multi store model
- can be argued to be oversimplified and potentially reductionist
what are the two main types of memory?
declarative
procedural
is declarative memory conscious or unconscious
conscious
is procedural memory conscious or unconscious
unconcious
what are the 2 subdivisions of declarative memory
episodic memory
semantic memory
who found that semantic memory was recalled from the left prefrontal cortex and semantic from the right
peterson et al
what did the introduction of the working memory model do
replaced the idea of a unitary short term memory and suggested multiple stores consisting of active processing and short term storage info
what is a weakness of the working memory model
- the central executive model has never been defined and is very vague (may be made up of sub components)
- unable to explain musical memory
what is a strength of the working memory model
+ objective evidence in support of the working memory model comes from PET scans which shows different areas of the brain activated when doing visual and verbal tasks
what is interference
two sets of info becoming confused
what is proactive interference
old info disrupts new info
what is retroactive interference
new info interferes with old info
when is interference more likely to occur
when memories are similar
what did Chandler (1989) find
student who studied similar subjects at the same time were more likely to experience interference between those subjects
what is the main weakness of interference theory
studies on interference have been almost entirely conducted in lab settings meaning the lack ecological validity
or
does not explain why information that isn’t similar is forgotten
what is retrieval failure
argues that forgetting from long term memory is caused by failure to access memory due to a lack of cues
what are the details of loftus and palmer 1974 study on eye witness testimony
- shown videos of a car crash
- asked questions on how fast the cars were going when they (insert changing verb here)
- more aggressive verbs lead to an average 8.7mph faster guess
what are the details of loftus and pickrell 1995 study
investigated how mislead info could create false memories
- 24 participants
- 18 - 53 years old
- 4 stories from the participants childhood
- 3 true 1 lie
- asked if they remember
- 29% recalled the false story
what are the i,pacts of anxiety on eye witness testimony
both positive and negative
what did Johnson and Scott (1976) find
participants in high anxiety situations had a 16% lower rate of accurate recall
what does Johnson and Scotts 1976 study help
can be used in court as a way of disproving testimony
what is the cognitive interview
used by police to aid retrieval
- report every detail
- recreate the context
- recall events in a different order
- recall events from a different POV
interviewer may try to reduce anxiety
