memory

Question 1

what is episodic memory

Answer 1

memory of events

Question 2

what is semantic memory

Answer 2

memory of facts and knowledge

Question 3

what is procedural memory

Answer 3

memory of how to do things

Question 4

what did Tulving (1989) do and find

Answer 4

brain scans where he found that episodic memory was found in the frontal cortex and semantic memory was found at the back

Question 5

what did Belleville (2006) do

Answer 5

devised intervention to improve episodic memory in elderly people (real world application)

Question 6

what is the coding, capacity and duration of sensory memory

Answer 6

coding - modality specific (senses)
capacity - very high
duration - less than half a second

Question 7

what is the coding, capacity and duration of short term memory

Answer 7

coding - acoustically
capacity - 5-9 items
duration - 18 secs

Question 8

what is the coding, capacity and duration of long term memory

Answer 8

coding - semantically
capacity - unlimited
duration - lifetime

Question 9

how does the multi store model of memory go

Answer 9

input –> sensory memory -attention-> short term memory - rehearsal-> long term memory
I I
V V
decay decay/displacement

Question 10

who devised the multi store model of memory

Answer 10

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 11

what kind of model is the multi store model

Answer 11

computer model

Question 12

what is encoding

Answer 12

the way information is changed so it ca b stored in memory

Question 13

what is capacity

Answer 13

how much information can be stored

Question 14

what is duration

Answer 14

how long information can be stored for

Question 15

what are 2 strengths of the multi store model

Answer 15

+ gives us a good understanding of the structure of short term memory

+ Glanzer et al demonstrated support for long term and short term memory being different stores

Question 16

what is a weakness of the multi store model

Answer 16

• can be argued to be oversimplified and potentially reductionist

Question 17

what are the two main types of memory?

Answer 17

declarative
procedural

Question 18

is declarative memory conscious or unconscious

Answer 18

conscious

Question 19

is procedural memory conscious or unconscious

Answer 19

unconcious

Question 20

what are the 2 subdivisions of declarative memory

Answer 20

episodic memory
semantic memory

Question 21

who found that semantic memory was recalled from the left prefrontal cortex and semantic from the right

Answer 21

peterson et al

Question 22

what did the introduction of the working memory model do

Answer 22

replaced the idea of a unitary short term memory and suggested multiple stores consisting of active processing and short term storage info

Question 23

what is a weakness of the working memory model

Answer 23

• the central executive model has never been defined and is very vague (may be made up of sub components)
• unable to explain musical memory

Question 24

what is a strength of the working memory model

Answer 24

+ objective evidence in support of the working memory model comes from PET scans which shows different areas of the brain activated when doing visual and verbal tasks

Question 25

what is interference

Answer 25

two sets of info becoming confused

Question 26

what is proactive interference

Answer 26

old info disrupts new info

Question 27

what is retroactive interference

Answer 27

new info interferes with old info

Question 28

when is interference more likely to occur

Answer 28

when memories are similar

Question 29

what did Chandler (1989) find

Answer 29

student who studied similar subjects at the same time were more likely to experience interference between those subjects

Question 30

what is the main weakness of interference theory

Answer 30

studies on interference have been almost entirely conducted in lab settings meaning the lack ecological validity

or

does not explain why information that isn’t similar is forgotten

Question 31

what is retrieval failure

Answer 31

argues that forgetting from long term memory is caused by failure to access memory due to a lack of cues

Question 32

what are the details of loftus and palmer 1974 study on eye witness testimony

Answer 32

• shown videos of a car crash
• asked questions on how fast the cars were going when they (insert changing verb here)
• more aggressive verbs lead to an average 8.7mph faster guess

Question 33

what are the details of loftus and pickrell 1995 study

Answer 33

investigated how mislead info could create false memories
- 24 participants
- 18 - 53 years old
- 4 stories from the participants childhood
- 3 true 1 lie
- asked if they remember
- 29% recalled the false story

Question 34

what are the i,pacts of anxiety on eye witness testimony

Answer 34

both positive and negative

Question 35

what did Johnson and Scott (1976) find

Answer 35

participants in high anxiety situations had a 16% lower rate of accurate recall

Question 36

what does Johnson and Scotts 1976 study help

Answer 36

can be used in court as a way of disproving testimony

Question 37

what is the cognitive interview

Answer 37

used by police to aid retrieval
- report every detail
- recreate the context
- recall events in a different order
- recall events from a different POV
interviewer may try to reduce anxiety