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PSYC100 - Midterm 4 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

recall of past events or past learning

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2
Q

Encoding

A

getting information into memory

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3
Q

storage

A

holding memories

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4
Q

retrieval

A

recalling memories

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5
Q

Information-processing model

A

A theory that describes memory like computer coding. Memory has to pass through stages

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6
Q

Stages of remembering in information-processing model

A

sensory memory, working memory, longterm memory

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7
Q

Sensory memory

A

a stimulus that is kept alive for a little longer then usual

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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

a visual sensory memory

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory

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10
Q

Short-term memory

A

Memory that contains recent sensory memories that is only avaliable for a short amount of time and can only hold about five to nine elements of information.

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11
Q

Working memory

A

memories that have been recalled or is sensory memories that are currently being used

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12
Q

Baddeley and Hitch working memory model

A

Working memory is like an office. The central executive controls the entire system. It can allocate resources to the phonological loop or the visuospatical sketchpad

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13
Q

Phonological loop

A

Working memory of spoken and written information

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14
Q

VIsuospatical sketchpad

A

Working memory of spatial and visual images

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15
Q

Episodic buffer

A

links information to be sent to the long-term memory

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15
Q

Episodic buffer

A

links information to be sent to the long-term memory

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16
Q

Attention in working memory

A

Working memory serves as a way to maintain attention. Although this link is unclear.

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17
Q

Long-term memory

A

the system that can retain memories for an indeffinate amount of time

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18
Q

Memory stores

A

the three memory holding sites

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19
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of information with little conscious awareness of effort

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20
Q

Effortful processiong

A

paying attention to the information given to encode it

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21
Q

Encoding requirements

A

Attention to information

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22
Q

Effortful vs automatic processing

A

Effortful can be interrupted by other stimuli, but automatic can only be interrupted by switching to another task
Effortful is more effective because it requires more effort.

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23
Q

Working memory function

A

hold, recall and relate information

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24
Q

Rehearsal

A

repeating information so it becomes encoded

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25
Q

Rehearsal

A

repeating information so it becomes encoded

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26
Q

Spaced practice effect

A

encoding of materials through rehearsal spread out over several sessions

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27
Q

Distributed practice

A

encoding in sessions over time

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28
Q

Massed practice

A

encoding in one session

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29
Q

Phonological code

A

repeating sounds

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30
Q

visual code

A

holding an image to record it

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31
Q

Photographic memories

A

memories that are near perfect replicas

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32
Q

semantic codes

A

linking information we already know to new information

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33
Q

What is most likely to get encoded

A

more meaningful personal events

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34
Q

mnemonic devices

A

adding more meaning to meaningless information

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35
Q

Organizing

A

classifying information to make it more memorable

36
Q

Schemas

A

knowledge that we develop based on prior similar experiences

37
Q

Temporary sketchpad

A

a place in working memory that temporarly retains information for complex problem solving

38
Q

memory span

A

the maximum number of items that can be recalled in the correct order

39
Q

Chunking

A

placing more than one piece of information into a group

40
Q

Two types of long term memory

A

Explicit and implicit memory

41
Q

Types of explicit memory

A

semantic memory and episodic memory

42
Q

types of implicit memory

A

procedural, classically conditioned memory and priming

42
Q

types of implicit memory

A

procedural, classically conditioned memory and priming

43
Q

explicit memory

A

memories that we are consciously aware of

44
Q

implicit memory

A

memory that a person is not consciously aware of

45
Q

Semantic memories

A

general knowledge and facts

46
Q

Episodic memories

A

personal events and experiences

47
Q

Episodic memories

A

personal events and experiences

48
Q

Explicit memory brain section

A

encoded in the hippocampus, stored in the neocortex

49
Q

procedural memory

A

motor skills or habits

50
Q

classically conditioned memory

A

conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli

51
Q

priming

A

activated memories influenced by previous events or the activation of one piece of information causes a road map to find the information you are seeking

52
Q

Primacy effect

A

people remember things at the being because they had the chance to repeat them over and over

53
Q

Recency effect

A

people remember things at the end because it is still in short-term memory

54
Q

retrieval failure

A

when long-term information is unable to move into working memory

55
Q

retrieval cues

A

small pieces of related information that remind us of the information that we are trying to recall

56
Q

recognition tasks

A

a task where a retrieval cue is given

57
Q

recall task

A

a task where no retreval cues are given

58
Q

Context

A

where a memory was originally encoded

59
Q

Encoding specificity principal

A

the context of encoding a memory has lots of retreval cues

60
Q

State-dependent memory

A

retriving of memories is easier when in the same state of concious as when it was formed

61
Q

Things that effect memory retreval

A

mood, state of conciousness, loaction, cues

62
Q

Modulation hypothesis

A

long-lasting emotional effects on memory is caused by the amygdala being activated during encoding

63
Q

Emotional memory

A

Emotional events are easier to remember because the memory is more likely to be rehearsed, elaborated, and organized

64
Q

flashbulb memories

A

emotionally charged events that produce a near permanent and highly accurate memory

65
Q

impermanent long term memories

A

long term memories can be unremembered by recalling and speaking about traumatic event

66
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory

67
Q

Forgetting curve

A

a pattern of rapid memory loss followed by stable retention in memory

68
Q

Decay theory

A

we forget about memories because we neglect to use them, but does not take relearning into account

69
Q

Interference theory

A

what happens to people before or after learning a piece of information effects retention

70
Q

proactive interference

A

past learning interfers with new learnings

71
Q

retroactive interference

A

competing information that is learned before forgotten material

71
Q

retroactive interference

A

previous learning is forgotten due to new learning

72
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

when a memory is painful or uncomfortable we actively don’t rehearse, elaborate or organize it.

72
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

when a memory is painful or uncomfortable we actively don’t rehearse, elaborate or organize it.

73
Q

Repression

A

unconsciously preventing memories from entering our awareness

73
Q

Repression

A

unconsciously preventing memories from entering our awareness

74
Q

Source misattributions

A

failure to record where the inormation came from

75
Q

misinfomation

A

inaccurate or misleading information can cause false memories

76
Q

Effects of imagination

A

own imagination lead us to recall events that never took place

77
Q

Memory and the brain

A

there is no single place in the brain that hosts memory. Memory is a pathway in the brain. Mostly in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus can process memories.

78
Q

memory consolidation

A

repeated and increasing signals down a pathway stabilizes a memory

79
Q

Potentiation

A

synchronous networks of cells firing together

80
Q

Long term potentiation

A

when nerve cells are repeatedly stimulated in the same way, it is more likely that it can be repeated easily.

81
Q

Amnestic disorders

A

organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom

82
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember old memories

83
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t form new memories

PSYC100 - Midterm 4 (2 decks)

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