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PSYC100 - Midterm 4 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

recall of past events or past learning

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2
Q

Encoding

A

getting information into memory

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3
Q

storage

A

holding memories

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4
Q

retrieval

A

recalling memories

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5
Q

Information-processing model

A

A theory that describes memory like computer coding. Memory has to pass through stages

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6
Q

Stages of remembering in information-processing model

A

sensory memory, working memory, longterm memory

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7
Q

Sensory memory

A

a stimulus that is kept alive for a little longer then usual

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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

a visual sensory memory

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory

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10
Q

Short-term memory

A

Memory that contains recent sensory memories that is only avaliable for a short amount of time and can only hold about five to nine elements of information.

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11
Q

Working memory

A

memories that have been recalled or is sensory memories that are currently being used

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12
Q

Baddeley and Hitch working memory model

A

Working memory is like an office. The central executive controls the entire system. It can allocate resources to the phonological loop or the visuospatical sketchpad

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13
Q

Phonological loop

A

Working memory of spoken and written information

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14
Q

VIsuospatical sketchpad

A

Working memory of spatial and visual images

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15
Q

Episodic buffer

A

links information to be sent to the long-term memory

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15
Q

Episodic buffer

A

links information to be sent to the long-term memory

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16
Q

Attention in working memory

A

Working memory serves as a way to maintain attention. Although this link is unclear.

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17
Q

Long-term memory

A

the system that can retain memories for an indeffinate amount of time

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18
Q

Memory stores

A

the three memory holding sites

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19
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of information with little conscious awareness of effort

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20
Q

Effortful processiong

A

paying attention to the information given to encode it

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21
Q

Encoding requirements

A

Attention to information

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22
Q

Effortful vs automatic processing

A

Effortful can be interrupted by other stimuli, but automatic can only be interrupted by switching to another task
Effortful is more effective because it requires more effort.

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23
Q

Working memory function

A

hold, recall and relate information

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24
Rehearsal
repeating information so it becomes encoded
25
Rehearsal
repeating information so it becomes encoded
26
Spaced practice effect
encoding of materials through rehearsal spread out over several sessions
27
Distributed practice
encoding in sessions over time
28
Massed practice
encoding in one session
29
Phonological code
repeating sounds
30
visual code
holding an image to record it
31
Photographic memories
memories that are near perfect replicas
32
semantic codes
linking information we already know to new information
33
What is most likely to get encoded
more meaningful personal events
34
mnemonic devices
adding more meaning to meaningless information
35
Organizing
classifying information to make it more memorable
36
Schemas
knowledge that we develop based on prior similar experiences
37
Temporary sketchpad
a place in working memory that temporarly retains information for complex problem solving
38
memory span
the maximum number of items that can be recalled in the correct order
39
Chunking
placing more than one piece of information into a group
40
Two types of long term memory
Explicit and implicit memory
41
Types of explicit memory
semantic memory and episodic memory
42
types of implicit memory
procedural, classically conditioned memory and priming
42
types of implicit memory
procedural, classically conditioned memory and priming
43
explicit memory
memories that we are consciously aware of
44
implicit memory
memory that a person is not consciously aware of
45
Semantic memories
general knowledge and facts
46
Episodic memories
personal events and experiences
47
Episodic memories
personal events and experiences
48
Explicit memory brain section
encoded in the hippocampus, stored in the neocortex
49
procedural memory
motor skills or habits
50
classically conditioned memory
conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli
51
priming
activated memories influenced by previous events or the activation of one piece of information causes a road map to find the information you are seeking
52
Primacy effect
people remember things at the being because they had the chance to repeat them over and over
53
Recency effect
people remember things at the end because it is still in short-term memory
54
retrieval failure
when long-term information is unable to move into working memory
55
retrieval cues
small pieces of related information that remind us of the information that we are trying to recall
56
recognition tasks
a task where a retrieval cue is given
57
recall task
a task where no retreval cues are given
58
Context
where a memory was originally encoded
59
Encoding specificity principal
the context of encoding a memory has lots of retreval cues
60
State-dependent memory
retriving of memories is easier when in the same state of concious as when it was formed
61
Things that effect memory retreval
mood, state of conciousness, loaction, cues
62
Modulation hypothesis
long-lasting emotional effects on memory is caused by the amygdala being activated during encoding
63
Emotional memory
Emotional events are easier to remember because the memory is more likely to be rehearsed, elaborated, and organized
64
flashbulb memories
emotionally charged events that produce a near permanent and highly accurate memory
65
impermanent long term memories
long term memories can be unremembered by recalling and speaking about traumatic event
66
forgetting
the inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory
67
Forgetting curve
a pattern of rapid memory loss followed by stable retention in memory
68
Decay theory
we forget about memories because we neglect to use them, but does not take relearning into account
69
Interference theory
what happens to people before or after learning a piece of information effects retention
70
proactive interference
past learning interfers with new learnings
71
retroactive interference
competing information that is learned before forgotten material
71
retroactive interference
previous learning is forgotten due to new learning
72
Motivated forgetting
when a memory is painful or uncomfortable we actively don't rehearse, elaborate or organize it.
72
Motivated forgetting
when a memory is painful or uncomfortable we actively don't rehearse, elaborate or organize it.
73
Repression
unconsciously preventing memories from entering our awareness
73
Repression
unconsciously preventing memories from entering our awareness
74
Source misattributions
failure to record where the inormation came from
75
misinfomation
inaccurate or misleading information can cause false memories
76
Effects of imagination
own imagination lead us to recall events that never took place
77
Memory and the brain
there is no single place in the brain that hosts memory. Memory is a pathway in the brain. Mostly in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus can process memories.
78
memory consolidation
repeated and increasing signals down a pathway stabilizes a memory
79
Potentiation
synchronous networks of cells firing together
80
Long term potentiation
when nerve cells are repeatedly stimulated in the same way, it is more likely that it can be repeated easily.
81
Amnestic disorders
organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom
82
retrograde amnesia
can't remember old memories
83
anterograde amnesia
can't form new memories

PSYC100 - Midterm 4 (2 decks)

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