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PSYC100 - Midterm 4 > learning > Flashcards

learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

a lasting change caused by an experience and must be expressed to see these changes

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

change caused by two or more stimuli that are linked together. Connecting a stimuli to a situation.

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3
Q

Non-associative learning

A

change that does not involve stimuli and is caused by repeated exposure to a situation

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4
Q

Habituation

A

a type of non-associative learning where response decreases with repeated exposure. “get used to it”

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5
Q

Dishabituation

A

the reversal of a habituated response due to a new stimulus

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6
Q

Habituation in children

A

Children are interested in what is novel and will be drawn towards it until they have learned what it is

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7
Q

Sensitization

A

a type of non-associative learning where strong stimulus causes an exaggerated response to the second weak stimuli.

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8
Q

associations

A

connections between two or more stimuli

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8
Q

associations

A

connections between two or more stimuli

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9
Q

conditioning

A

associations between environmental events

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10
Q

Classical conditioning

A

an association created by a neural response from two sensory mechanisms being activated

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11
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Psychologist who discovered conditioned reflexes and is known for the first classical conditioning study

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12
Q

Natural Reflex

A

inborn reflexes

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13
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that creates a response before the conditioning

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14
Q

Unconditioned response

A

an unconditioned reaction to a stimulus

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15
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that is taught to create a response

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16
Q

conditioned response

A

a response that is taught

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17
Q

Classical conditioning pairing

A

the more times two CS and US are paired the more likely it is to be learned, but the CS should occur slightly before the US

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18
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

when something similar to the conditioned stimulus is presented, the same response occurs

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19
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

when an organism learns to reverse stimulus generalization

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20
Q

Higher order condtioning

A

when a conditioned pairing is signaled by another conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

Extinction

A

a reduction in response to a leaned condition due to repeated presenation of stimulus alone

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22
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

when the conditioned response reemerges after the conditionned pairing is represented

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23
Q

drug dependency

A

when a person becomes psychologically and physically dependant on a drug to go about daily activities and craves the drug. Typicially they go into withdrawl without the drug

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24
Q

Compensatory response

A

When the body tries to eliminate or reduce the response to a drug

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25
Q

Extroceptive cues

A

when he environment triggers an anticipatory response to a conditioned stimulus

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26
Q

Drug extroceptive cues response

A

when an addict is removed from the typical environment that they inject in and begin injecting in a new environment anticipatory response is absent

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27
Q

anticipatory response

A

External cues (CS) that cause a response in the body because it is expecting something

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28
Q

Little albert experiment

A

Pairing a loud noise with a white rat caused fear (CR) to anything furry

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29
Q

Phobias

A

extreme and irrational fears to things that often pose little theat

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30
Q

Phobia explaination

A

A learned association between a NS and a dangerous US stimuli that causes a CR

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31
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

the repeated exposure of the feared object in the absence of the other part of the pairing

32
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

the association between a particular food and stomach illness

33
Q

Operant conditioning

A

associative learning where behaviour is modified depending on the circumstances.

34
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

The more times a cat is placed in the box and figures out how to successfully escape, the faster the cat will get at escaping. This caused Thorndike to come up with the law of effect

35
Q

Law of effect

A

behaviours are selected by their consequences and behaviours that lead to reward are more often performed.

36
Q

Instrumental conditioning

A

a type of learning where a person is condtitioned to do something because the action is required to get the reward.

37
Q

Behaviourlism

A

all behaviour could be learned through stimulus-response actions.

38
Q

B.F. Skinner principal

A

Behaviours that are followed by favourable consequences will likely be repeated

39
Q

Reinforcer

A

an experience that increases the repeatition of a certain behaviour

40
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

presentation of a pleasant consequence that causes an increase in behavour. Like getting chocolate after doing homework

41
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the removal of something unpleasant to increase behaviour. like having a chore removed for doing so well on all the other ones

42
Q

Punishment

A

something that decreases the likelyhood of a behaviour being repeated.

43
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding something to a situation to decrease behaviour. Like hitting the car infront of you because you were texting and driving

44
Q

Negative punishment

A

Taking away something pleasant to decrease behaviour. Like not letting a kid watch TV after not eating their vegatables

45
Q

Primary reinforces

A

activities that help us survive so they are intrinsically pleasurable.

46
Q

Secondary reinforces

A

Conditioned to be a reinforcer by leading to a primary reinforcer

47
Q

primary punisher

A

a stimulus that relates to pain or discomfort and is in itself aversive

48
Q

secondary punisher

A

neutral stimuli that take on punishing qualities. like indifference or bad grades

49
Q

What is the more effective

A

positive reinforcement

50
Q

Continuous learning

A

when a behaviour is reinforced every time

51
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

when a behaviour is on;y reinforced sometimes

52
Q

fixed ration schedule

A

when a reward is presented after a predetermed number of responses

53
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

behaviour is reinforced after a predetermined average number of responses

54
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcement that occurs after a specfic length of time

55
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time

55
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time

56
Q

shaping

A

rewards are given as the behaviour more closely matches the desired behaviour

57
Q

behaviour modification

A

shaping behaviour to aquire new skills using operant conditioning

58
Q

learned helplessness

A

when previous punishment has conditionned a person to no longer try to escape it

59
Q

social learning

A

the process of learning by watching the behaviour of others

60
Q

Modelling

A

when an observer copies the behaviours of another

61
Q

Albert Bandura research

A

found that children who saw violence were most likely to also be violent towards the same groups.

62
Q

Vicarious learning

A

learning based on observing what happens to a model after their actions

62
Q

Vicarious learning

A

learning based on observing what happens to a model after their actions

63
Q

Mirror neurons

A

neurons firing in a similar pattern to the person whose actions they are observing

64
Q

Inplicit learning

A

learning without the awareness of learning

65
Q

Spatial navigation learning

A

a type of implicit learning where stimuli forms associations with places so you can navigate new environments.

65
Q

Spatial navigation learning

A

a type of implicit learning where stimuli forms associations with places so you can navigate new environments.

66
Q

Latent learnings

A

learning without any reinforcement

67
Q

insight learning

A

sudden realizations of a solution after learning new concepts

68
Q

Smantic learning

A

multiple exposures to the same content

69
Q

Massed

A

timing intervals that occur all at once (all nighter)

70
Q

Spaced

A

timing intervals that take place over several days

71
Q

Context effect

A

learning information in more then one location can cause that information to stick with you

72
Q

Factors in learning

A

Timing, Context, Awarness, Attention, Social media, multi-tasking, sleep

73
Q

Specific learning disorder

A

a disorder that interferes with basic psychological processes

74
Q

Reading disorder

A

also known as dyslexia - difficulties in reading comprehension, writting, and word recongition

75
Q

Mathematics disorder

A

dyscalculia - difficulties perfomring simple math equations, recalling math symbols, counting, and recalling facts from word problems.

PSYC100 - Midterm 4 (2 decks)

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