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PSYC100 - Midterm 4 > learning > Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

a lasting change caused by an experience and must be expressed to see these changes

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

change caused by two or more stimuli that are linked together. Connecting a stimuli to a situation.

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3
Q

Non-associative learning

A

change that does not involve stimuli and is caused by repeated exposure to a situation

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4
Q

Habituation

A

a type of non-associative learning where response decreases with repeated exposure. “get used to it”

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5
Q

Dishabituation

A

the reversal of a habituated response due to a new stimulus

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6
Q

Habituation in children

A

Children are interested in what is novel and will be drawn towards it until they have learned what it is

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7
Q

Sensitization

A

a type of non-associative learning where strong stimulus causes an exaggerated response to the second weak stimuli.

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8
Q

associations

A

connections between two or more stimuli

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8
Q

associations

A

connections between two or more stimuli

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9
Q

conditioning

A

associations between environmental events

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10
Q

Classical conditioning

A

an association created by a neural response from two sensory mechanisms being activated

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11
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Psychologist who discovered conditioned reflexes and is known for the first classical conditioning study

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12
Q

Natural Reflex

A

inborn reflexes

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13
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that creates a response before the conditioning

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14
Q

Unconditioned response

A

an unconditioned reaction to a stimulus

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15
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that is taught to create a response

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16
Q

conditioned response

A

a response that is taught

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17
Q

Classical conditioning pairing

A

the more times two CS and US are paired the more likely it is to be learned, but the CS should occur slightly before the US

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18
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

when something similar to the conditioned stimulus is presented, the same response occurs

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19
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

when an organism learns to reverse stimulus generalization

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20
Q

Higher order condtioning

A

when a conditioned pairing is signaled by another conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

Extinction

A

a reduction in response to a leaned condition due to repeated presenation of stimulus alone

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22
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

when the conditioned response reemerges after the conditionned pairing is represented

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23
Q

drug dependency

A

when a person becomes psychologically and physically dependant on a drug to go about daily activities and craves the drug. Typicially they go into withdrawl without the drug

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24
Compensatory response
When the body tries to eliminate or reduce the response to a drug
25
Extroceptive cues
when he environment triggers an anticipatory response to a conditioned stimulus
26
Drug extroceptive cues response
when an addict is removed from the typical environment that they inject in and begin injecting in a new environment anticipatory response is absent
27
anticipatory response
External cues (CS) that cause a response in the body because it is expecting something
28
Little albert experiment
Pairing a loud noise with a white rat caused fear (CR) to anything furry
29
Phobias
extreme and irrational fears to things that often pose little theat
30
Phobia explaination
A learned association between a NS and a dangerous US stimuli that causes a CR
31
Systematic desensitization
the repeated exposure of the feared object in the absence of the other part of the pairing
32
Conditioned taste aversion
the association between a particular food and stomach illness
33
Operant conditioning
associative learning where behaviour is modified depending on the circumstances.
34
Edward Thorndike
The more times a cat is placed in the box and figures out how to successfully escape, the faster the cat will get at escaping. This caused Thorndike to come up with the law of effect
35
Law of effect
behaviours are selected by their consequences and behaviours that lead to reward are more often performed.
36
Instrumental conditioning
a type of learning where a person is condtitioned to do something because the action is required to get the reward.
37
Behaviourlism
all behaviour could be learned through stimulus-response actions.
38
B.F. Skinner principal
Behaviours that are followed by favourable consequences will likely be repeated
39
Reinforcer
an experience that increases the repeatition of a certain behaviour
40
Positive reinforcement
presentation of a pleasant consequence that causes an increase in behavour. Like getting chocolate after doing homework
41
Negative reinforcement
the removal of something unpleasant to increase behaviour. like having a chore removed for doing so well on all the other ones
42
Punishment
something that decreases the likelyhood of a behaviour being repeated.
43
Positive punishment
Adding something to a situation to decrease behaviour. Like hitting the car infront of you because you were texting and driving
44
Negative punishment
Taking away something pleasant to decrease behaviour. Like not letting a kid watch TV after not eating their vegatables
45
Primary reinforces
activities that help us survive so they are intrinsically pleasurable.
46
Secondary reinforces
Conditioned to be a reinforcer by leading to a primary reinforcer
47
primary punisher
a stimulus that relates to pain or discomfort and is in itself aversive
48
secondary punisher
neutral stimuli that take on punishing qualities. like indifference or bad grades
49
What is the more effective
positive reinforcement
50
Continuous learning
when a behaviour is reinforced every time
51
Partial reinforcement
when a behaviour is on;y reinforced sometimes
52
fixed ration schedule
when a reward is presented after a predetermed number of responses
53
Variable ratio schedule
behaviour is reinforced after a predetermined average number of responses
54
Fixed interval schedule
reinforcement that occurs after a specfic length of time
55
Variable interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time
55
Variable interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time
56
shaping
rewards are given as the behaviour more closely matches the desired behaviour
57
behaviour modification
shaping behaviour to aquire new skills using operant conditioning
58
learned helplessness
when previous punishment has conditionned a person to no longer try to escape it
59
social learning
the process of learning by watching the behaviour of others
60
Modelling
when an observer copies the behaviours of another
61
Albert Bandura research
found that children who saw violence were most likely to also be violent towards the same groups.
62
Vicarious learning
learning based on observing what happens to a model after their actions
62
Vicarious learning
learning based on observing what happens to a model after their actions
63
Mirror neurons
neurons firing in a similar pattern to the person whose actions they are observing
64
Inplicit learning
learning without the awareness of learning
65
Spatial navigation learning
a type of implicit learning where stimuli forms associations with places so you can navigate new environments.
65
Spatial navigation learning
a type of implicit learning where stimuli forms associations with places so you can navigate new environments.
66
Latent learnings
learning without any reinforcement
67
insight learning
sudden realizations of a solution after learning new concepts
68
Smantic learning
multiple exposures to the same content
69
Massed
timing intervals that occur all at once (all nighter)
70
Spaced
timing intervals that take place over several days
71
Context effect
learning information in more then one location can cause that information to stick with you
72
Factors in learning
Timing, Context, Awarness, Attention, Social media, multi-tasking, sleep
73
Specific learning disorder
a disorder that interferes with basic psychological processes
74
Reading disorder
also known as dyslexia - difficulties in reading comprehension, writting, and word recongition
75
Mathematics disorder
dyscalculia - difficulties perfomring simple math equations, recalling math symbols, counting, and recalling facts from word problems.

PSYC100 - Midterm 4 (2 decks)

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