Memory Flashcards
Encoding
Initial storage into memory
Storage/Consolidation
Maintaining the stored memory
Retrieval
Re-activation the memory for further processing
Declarative Memory
Long-term memory in which it is conscious recollection of particular facts and events, Semantic and episodic
Sematic
A recollection of a word, concept, or number
Episodic
A conscious memory of a previous event
Non-declarative Memory
Long-term memory devoted to knowing how to do something, Procedural
Procedural
Long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills
Three parts of the Diencephalon
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Mammillary Body
What role does the frontal cortex play?
Plays a role in organizing declarative memories.
Selecting information to be encoded into long-term memory
Retrieving information back into working memory
What is the result to damage to the Diencephalon and Basal Forebrain?
Anterograde Amnesia
Basal Forebrain
Important for attention and feeds into the rest of the system
Forgetting
Even with perfectly encoded material, there is substantial forgetting. Forgetting slows down with time so very long-lasting memories tend to be permanent. Directed forgetting (telling people to forget) can increase forgetting somewhat.
Proactive Interference
Old information interferes with new information
Ex: continuing to use old address even though you have moved
Retroactive Interference
New information interferes with old information
Ex: Difficulty remembering the old number you once knew so well after you’ve finally learned the new number
Depth of Processing
Deeper processing may involve more medial temporal lobe activity producing better encoding
Images produce bilateral MTL activation; words only unilateral
More MTL activity during learning predicts not only the ability to recall, but also the ability to remember source information
False Memory
Loftus and colleagues have shown that memories can be modified and manipulated after encoding
Ex: Wade et al. photoshopped kids into photos of events in which they were never in. After viewing the pictures, most kids claimed the event had really happened and “remembered” details not contained in the photos
Infantile Amnesia
The inability to recollect early episodic memories is associated with the rapid forgetting that occurs in childhood
Neurogenesis
The creation of new neurons.Hippocampal neurogensis is contributed to the rapid forgetting of memories. Reducing neurogenesis = increase hippocampus-dependent memories
Place Learning
Learning of locations or physical positions of goals
What is the relationship between hippocampal development and memory ability? At what age do we start to see long-term declarative memory recall?
Hippocampal dependent place learning could be first seen at 21 months
Implicit Memory
Is controlled by early-developing memory systems present very early on- early maturation of stiatum, cerebellum, and brian stem
Explicit Memory
development depends on later developing memory- medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex
