Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

Initial storage into memory

Question 2

Storage/Consolidation

Answer 2

Maintaining the stored memory

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Re-activation the memory for further processing

Question 4

Declarative Memory

Answer 4

Long-term memory in which it is conscious recollection of particular facts and events, Semantic and episodic

Question 5

Sematic

Answer 5

A recollection of a word, concept, or number

Question 6

Episodic

Answer 6

A conscious memory of a previous event

Question 7

Non-declarative Memory

Answer 7

Long-term memory devoted to knowing how to do something, Procedural

Question 8

Procedural

Answer 8

Long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills

Question 9

Three parts of the Diencephalon

Answer 9

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Mammillary Body

Question 10

What role does the frontal cortex play?

Answer 10

Plays a role in organizing declarative memories.
Selecting information to be encoded into long-term memory
Retrieving information back into working memory

Question 11

What is the result to damage to the Diencephalon and Basal Forebrain?

Answer 11

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 12

Basal Forebrain

Answer 12

Important for attention and feeds into the rest of the system

Question 13

Forgetting

Answer 13

Even with perfectly encoded material, there is substantial forgetting. Forgetting slows down with time so very long-lasting memories tend to be permanent. Directed forgetting (telling people to forget) can increase forgetting somewhat.

Question 14

Proactive Interference

Answer 14

Old information interferes with new information
Ex: continuing to use old address even though you have moved

Question 15

Retroactive Interference

Answer 15

New information interferes with old information
Ex: Difficulty remembering the old number you once knew so well after you’ve finally learned the new number

Question 16

Depth of Processing

Answer 16

Deeper processing may involve more medial temporal lobe activity producing better encoding
Images produce bilateral MTL activation; words only unilateral
More MTL activity during learning predicts not only the ability to recall, but also the ability to remember source information

Question 17

False Memory

Answer 17

Loftus and colleagues have shown that memories can be modified and manipulated after encoding
Ex: Wade et al. photoshopped kids into photos of events in which they were never in. After viewing the pictures, most kids claimed the event had really happened and “remembered” details not contained in the photos

Question 18

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 18

The inability to recollect early episodic memories is associated with the rapid forgetting that occurs in childhood

Question 19

Neurogenesis

Answer 19

The creation of new neurons.Hippocampal neurogensis is contributed to the rapid forgetting of memories. Reducing neurogenesis = increase hippocampus-dependent memories

Question 20

Place Learning

Answer 20

Learning of locations or physical positions of goals

Question 21

What is the relationship between hippocampal development and memory ability? At what age do we start to see long-term declarative memory recall?

Answer 21

Hippocampal dependent place learning could be first seen at 21 months

Question 22

Implicit Memory

Answer 22

Is controlled by early-developing memory systems present very early on- early maturation of stiatum, cerebellum, and brian stem

Question 23

Explicit Memory

Answer 23

development depends on later developing memory- medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex