Memory

Question 1

Short-term memory

Answer 1

Information is stored for a brief period of time when essential before becoming irrelevant.

Short term memory is involved in reasoning, comprehending, learning

Question 2

Central executive

Answer 2

Part of the proposed three-component working memory mode:

Drives the whole system (e.g., the boss of working memory) and allocates data to the subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. It also deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem-solving.

Question 3

Phonological Loop

Answer 3

Part of the proposed three-component working memory mode:

SPEECH CODING (not just sound)

The phonological loop is a component of working memory model that deals with spoken and written material. It is subdivided into the phonological store (which holds information in a speech-based form) and the articulatory process (which allows us to repeat verbal information in a loop).

Question 4

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 4

Part of the proposed three-component working memory mode:

INNER EYE

The visuospatial sketchpad is a component of working memory model which stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form. The visuospatial sketchpad is used for navigation.

Doing a task in mental imagery is correlated to the time spent doing the task physically.

Our mental imagery is limited because of high demand for information storage.

Visual imagery is more linked to occipital regions of the brain.

Question 5

three-component working memory theory

Answer 5

A three-component working memory model was proposed, comprising of 1 control and 2 subordinate

central executive (control)

phonological loop

visuo-spatial sketch pad

look at image https://www.simplypsychology.org/Working%20Memory2.jpg

Question 6

Huxley and Hodgkin

Answer 6

These researchers discovered the concept of action potentials:

Question 7

Donald Hebb

Answer 7

This researcher came up with the idea “Neurons that fire together wire together”

Question 8

Erik Kandel

Answer 8

Observed that learning occurs as a chemical neural event

Habituation/Sensitization

Question 9

Habituation

Answer 9

When a stimulus that initialy invokes a response gradually comes to be ignored when it is repeated

epeated stimulus DECREASES the likelihood that the
synapse will fire

Question 10

Sensitisation

Answer 10

When an independent stimulus increases the probability of a response

the repeated stimulus INCREASES the likelihood that the synapse will fire (and decreases the amount of the stimuli required to do so)

Question 11

Bliss and Lomo

Answer 11

Which researchers came up with the concept of long-term potentiation

Question 12

William James

Answer 12

This researcher was one of the first to describe memory as being made up of multiple types or sytems

Question 13

Shiffrin & Atkinson

Answer 13

Who created the modal model

Question 14

Endel Tulving

Answer 14

Who made a useful distinction between two types of long term memory

Episodic & Semantic

Question 15

Episodic memory

Answer 15

Remembering specific incidents is what kind of memory?

Ex. Going to dentist a week ago

Question 16

Semantic

Answer 16

General knowledge about the world can be classified as what type of memory?

Question 17

Daniel Schacter

Answer 17

Who made the distiniction between implicit and explicit memory

Question 18

Implicit Memory

Answer 18

Information that you remeber unconsciously and effortlesly is

Question 19

Explicity memory

Answer 19

Information that you have to consciously work to remember is what type of memory?

Question 20

Alan Baddeley

Answer 20

Who argued that working memory is a multi-component system, and each system is responsible for a different function.

Baddeley is likely the foremost expert in working memory in the world

Question 21

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 21

What researcher is a eye-witness testimony expert that showed memories can be changed by suggestibility

Question 22

Long term potentiation

Answer 22

Discovered by Bliss and Lomo

cells respond to electrical stimulation lasting for days, weeks, or longer – a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons

THIS IS CONSIDERED A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR
LONG TERM MEMORY

Question 23

Memory comprised of three parts in the modal model

Answer 23

Sense Memory

Short Term Memory

Long Term memory

(Each was part of the pathway to storage of long term memories. Short term memory was an area where “work” was done on the information, such as coding, decision making, filtering, retrieval strategies for later, rehearsal)

Question 24

Modal Model

Answer 24

1960s model asserting three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Information comes in from the environment (environmental input), through a series of sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic). This information goes into a common short-term store (temporary working memory), and is either used to respond to tasks at hand (response output) or moves to long-term memory store. Information can move between short-term and long-term store.

Question 25

Declarative

Answer 25

Facts and Events

Question 26

Eyewitness testimony

Answer 26

not perfect memory, highly influenced by suggestibility, priming

Priming language can alter the memories themselves

Question 27

Schacter quote on memory

Answer 27

“All that we remember is an amalgam of what we see and what we subsequently think.”

Question 28

Children and eyewitness testimony

Answer 28

Children are more susceptible to suggestibility, primacy and recency, verbal and social
cues, desire to please adults

Children are more susceptible to error the younger they are, with some approaching
adult levels of recall by puberty

Children have a faster rate of forgetting information than adults

The delay between stimuli and recall is shorter for children for accuracy

Question 28

Children and eyewitness testimony

Answer 28

Children are more susceptible to suggestibility, primacy and recency, verbal and social
cues, desire to please adults

Children are more susceptible to error the younger they are, with some approaching
adult levels of recall by puberty

Children have a faster rate of forgetting information than adults

The delay between stimuli and recall is shorter for children for accuracy