Memory Flashcards
Short-term memory
Information is stored for a brief period of time when essential before becoming irrelevant.
Short term memory is involved in reasoning, comprehending, learning
Central executive
Part of the proposed three-component working memory mode:
Drives the whole system (e.g., the boss of working memory) and allocates data to the subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. It also deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem-solving.
Phonological Loop
Part of the proposed three-component working memory mode:
SPEECH CODING (not just sound)
The phonological loop is a component of working memory model that deals with spoken and written material. It is subdivided into the phonological store (which holds information in a speech-based form) and the articulatory process (which allows us to repeat verbal information in a loop).
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Part of the proposed three-component working memory mode:
INNER EYE
The visuospatial sketchpad is a component of working memory model which stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form. The visuospatial sketchpad is used for navigation.
Doing a task in mental imagery is correlated to the time spent doing the task physically.
Our mental imagery is limited because of high demand for information storage.
Visual imagery is more linked to occipital regions of the brain.
three-component working memory theory
A three-component working memory model was proposed, comprising of 1 control and 2 subordinate
central executive (control)
phonological loop
visuo-spatial sketch pad
look at image https://www.simplypsychology.org/Working%20Memory2.jpg
Huxley and Hodgkin
These researchers discovered the concept of action potentials:
Donald Hebb
This researcher came up with the idea “Neurons that fire together wire together”
Erik Kandel
Observed that learning occurs as a chemical neural event
Habituation/Sensitization
Habituation
When a stimulus that initialy invokes a response gradually comes to be ignored when it is repeated
epeated stimulus DECREASES the likelihood that the
synapse will fire
Sensitisation
When an independent stimulus increases the probability of a response
the repeated stimulus INCREASES the likelihood that the synapse will fire (and decreases the amount of the stimuli required to do so)
Bliss and Lomo
Which researchers came up with the concept of long-term potentiation
William James
This researcher was one of the first to describe memory as being made up of multiple types or sytems
Shiffrin & Atkinson
Who created the modal model
Endel Tulving
Who made a useful distinction between two types of long term memory
Episodic & Semantic
Episodic memory
Remembering specific incidents is what kind of memory?
Ex. Going to dentist a week ago
Semantic
General knowledge about the world can be classified as what type of memory?
Daniel Schacter
Who made the distiniction between implicit and explicit memory
Implicit Memory
Information that you remeber unconsciously and effortlesly is
Explicity memory
Information that you have to consciously work to remember is what type of memory?
Alan Baddeley
Who argued that working memory is a multi-component system, and each system is responsible for a different function.
Baddeley is likely the foremost expert in working memory in the world
Elizabeth Loftus
What researcher is a eye-witness testimony expert that showed memories can be changed by suggestibility
Long term potentiation
Discovered by Bliss and Lomo
cells respond to electrical stimulation lasting for days, weeks, or longer – a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons
THIS IS CONSIDERED A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR
LONG TERM MEMORY
Memory comprised of three parts in the modal model
Sense Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term memory
(Each was part of the pathway to storage of long term memories. Short term memory was an area where “work” was done on the information, such as coding, decision making, filtering, retrieval strategies for later, rehearsal)
Modal Model
1960s model asserting three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Information comes in from the environment (environmental input), through a series of sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic). This information goes into a common short-term store (temporary working memory), and is either used to respond to tasks at hand (response output) or moves to long-term memory store. Information can move between short-term and long-term store.
Declarative
Facts and Events
Eyewitness testimony
not perfect memory, highly influenced by suggestibility, priming
Priming language can alter the memories themselves
Schacter quote on memory
“All that we remember is an amalgam of what we see and what we subsequently think.”
Children and eyewitness testimony
Children are more susceptible to suggestibility, primacy and recency, verbal and social
cues, desire to please adults
Children are more susceptible to error the younger they are, with some approaching
adult levels of recall by puberty
Children have a faster rate of forgetting information than adults
The delay between stimuli and recall is shorter for children for accuracy
Children and eyewitness testimony
Children are more susceptible to suggestibility, primacy and recency, verbal and social
cues, desire to please adults
Children are more susceptible to error the younger they are, with some approaching
adult levels of recall by puberty
Children have a faster rate of forgetting information than adults
The delay between stimuli and recall is shorter for children for accuracy
