Memory Flashcards
What is the multi-store model of memory and who made it?
Made by Atkinson and Shiffrin, it shows how information taken in from the sensory receptors of the body can be transferred into STM and LTM
What are the 3 main components of the multi-store model of memory and what is their duration, capacity and encoding?
Sensory register:
Duration - 1/4 to 1/2 second
Capacity - all sensory experience
Encoding - sense specific
STM:
Duration - 0-18 seconds
Capacity - 7 +/- 2 units
Encoding - mainly acoustic
LTM:
Duration - infinite
Capacity - infinite
Encoding - mainly semantic
AO3 for the multi-store model of memory
- gives a good initial understanding to how STM works
- supported by the HM case study, whereby his LTM
was very damaged but his STM was fine - LTM and STM are much more complex than the model
shows (Baddeley and Hitch) - the action of rehearsing information in STM to
remember it is not as important as the model shows
What is the working memory model and who made it?
Created by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974, it shows the different components of STM and how they communicate with each other as well as LTM
What are the components of the working memory model and what are their roles?
Central exec - responsible for monitoring the slave systems, has very little capacity so only processes one task at a time
Phonological loop - temporary storage system for all auditory information in a speech based form, plays a key role in a person’s ability to read
Visuospatial sketchpad - made up of the visual cache (data about form and colour) and the inner scribe (data about arrangement and depth)
Episodic buffer - communicates between LTM and the other slave systems as a temporary store for integrating information from STM to LTM
Working memory model AO3
- supported by Baddeley and Hitch’s dual task studies
- supported by the KF case ( a motorcycle accident left his visual memory in tact, but his verbal memory was very impaired)
- the central executive is not very well understood, and it is hard to prove/test its existence
- cause and effect issues, the model shows that there is a connection between STM and LTM but does not show how that connection works
What is an eye witness testimony?
when a witness to a crime discloses their experience to a police officer or detective about the crime they witnessed
What was the aim, procedure and results of the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer?
Aim - to see if misleading information affected EWT
Procedure - 45 university students were shown a video of a head on car crash, they were then asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding what they saw. One of the questions asked “how fast were the vehicles travelling when they _____” the questionnaire used a variety of verbs such as bang, hit, collide, etc.
Results - the use of the verb did impact the students answer, those whose question used “smashed” gave the highest average of 41mph, compared to “contacted” which gave the lowest average of 32mph
Loftus and Palmer AO3
- lacked mundane realism (low ecological validity)
- unrepresentative (only used students in the study)
- a standardised methodology means the test is
replicable and falsifiable
What is the cognitive interview, and what is the process used when performing it?
the cognitive interview is a technique used to maximise the amount of useful information that is gained from an EWT.
Process:
reinstate context - weather, emotions, etc
change perspective - another witness, victim, etc
reverse order - alter chronological order of the event
report everything - even if it seems irrelevant to EWT
Cognitive interview AO3
- much longer to perform than the standard interview
- requires the interviewer to be trained to use it
- Geiselman (1985), tested the cognitive interview against hypnosis and the standard interview in how many relevant facts they would produce when used on the same case. found that:
cognitive interview = 41 facts
hypnosis = 38 facts
standard interview = 29 facts
