Memory Flashcards
sensory register (MSM)
info from senses is detected automatically - it is sent to ST and LT.
passed to ST by paying attention.
coding - modality specific
capacity - very large, all sense impressions
duration - very short - 250ms
short term (MSM)
receives info from sensory register by paying attention
passed to LTM by maintenance rehearsal or elaborative rehearsal
lost via displacement or decay
coding - stored acoustically (sounds/words)
capacity - 7+/-2 - improved by chunking
duration - 18-30 seconds - extended by verbal rehearsal
long term (MSM)
comes from STM by rehearsal
info is used by going back to STM via retrieval
coding - semantically (meaning)
capacity - unlimited but info can become inaccessible
duration - unlimited
MSM AO3
support - brain scanning shows difference between ST and LT.
study showed prefrontal cortex was active during STM but not LTM tasks.
criticism - emphasis on maintenance rehearsal.
LTM is created by shallow or deep processing.
Craik and Tulving - remember more words involving deep processing.
elaborative processing is also key.
STM relies on LTM - study using recall and pseudo words.
there was more brain activity when real words were processed.
this involves other areas than just STM so they are not separate stores.
what is the theory behind WMM
that there are different stores within STM - one for processing visual info and one for processing sounds etc.
we perform 2 visual tasks better if we do them separately rather than simultaneously.
doing a visual and audible task produces the same results simultaneously and separately.
features of WMM
central executive: determines how brains resources are allocated to different tasks, limited capacity.
phonological loop: stores auditory info and preserves order of info.
phonological store holds words you hear.
articulatory process used for words you see or hear - silently repeated like an inner voice.
visuo-spatial sketchpad: planning a spatial task, visual/spatial info is temporarily stored here.
visual cache stores info about visual items.
inner scribe stores arrangement of objects in visual field.
episodic buffer: general store, limited capacity.
integrates info from the 3 other stores.
sense of time sequencing for events.
info sent to LTM.
WMM AO3
supporting case study - KF (brain damage)
short term forgetting of auditory was greater than visual stimuli. damage restricted to phonological loop so supports idea of separate stores.
criticism - case studies cannot be generalised to public.
brain injury is traumatic causing behavioural changes.
CE too vague - appears to be the same as attention. it is likely that there are multiple components. case study of EVR - had cerebral tumour and performed well in reasoning but not decision making - CE not wholly intact it is more complicated.
cognitive interview
- mental reinstatement of original context.
interviewee is told to mentally recreate the physical and psychological context of the incident. to make memories accessible, cues are needed. - report everything.
no editing of details. memories are interconnected so recalling one may help recall another. - change order of events.
reverse order. recollections are influenced by schemas so recalling backwards prevents schema influencing recall. - change perspective.
recall from multiple perspectives to disrupt influence of schemas.
cognitive interview AO3
quality may suffer - there’s a focus on quantity of recall.
61% increase of incorrect info compared to a normal interview. police need to be cautious.
comparisons are difficult - difficult to evaluate real world usefulness. Thames Valley Police do not include changing perspectives. we do not know how effective it really is when using all components.
CI overcomes negative stereotypes of older adults’ declining memory as all info is considered important.
Mello and Fisher - compared older and younger mens recall from simulated crime. CI was more effective compared to a normal interview, for older men.
