memory Flashcards
memory (esr)
information and learning that has persisted over time through encoding, storage, retrieval
esr
encoding
storage
retrieval
encoding
must attend to encode
- selective attention: eliminate interferance
transforming info to a form that can be stored in memory
storage
- consolidation and retaining
- memory is formed - physiological changes (hippocampus)
- can be disrupted by loss of consciousness
maintaining information in memory
retrieval
previously learned material accessed from LTM to WM
bringing stored material to mind
Atkinson-shiffrin model is known by what name
information processing model of memory
what are the components of information processing model of memory
- sensory memory
- short-term memory ‘working memory’
- long-term memory
length of sensory memory
fleeting
- visual SM (iconic) - less than 1sec
- auditory SM (echoic) - abt 2sec
short-term memory
- capacity of 5-9 bits of info, less that 30secs without rehearsal
- when at capacity, displacement occurs
- retain info with repetition/rehearsal.. if no, we forget (decay)
- transfer to LTM with elaborative rehearsal
long-term memory
- lasts a lifetime. unlimited capacity. relatively permanent.
- retrieved into working memory to forgotten.
saving score
takes 50% less time to learn smt the second time
serial position effect
- primacy effect: first few (best recalled later)
- recency effect: last few (immediate)
name processing strategies
- chunking
- mnemonics
chunking
organizing items into familiar and manageable units
mnemonics
memory aids
includes techniques that often use vivid imagery and organizational devices
dual track processing
s18
types of memory in parallel processing
implicit (nondeclarative)
explicit (declarative)
implicit (nondeclarative) memory
- retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
- automatic processing bypasses conscious encoding: space, time, sequence, frequency, skills, fears
explicit (declarative) memory
- retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
- effortful processing
long term memory model
s20
types of explicit memory
- semantic
- episodic
explicit memory where
frontal lobes, hippocampus
explicit memory stores what. conscious process?
facts, personal experiences. conscious/active process
semantic memory
general knowledge, objective facts and info
not directly linked to life events.
10x10 = 100
episodic memory
autobiographical events or sequences of events
implicit memory where
cerebellum, basal ganglia
implicit memory stores what. conscious process?
- not consciously aware of using memory
- motor skills, habits, CC’d associations
- procedural memory
- conditioning/ emotional
- priming
retaining info
- capacity?
- stored in one spot?
limitless
not stored in one spot.
consolidation
explicit memories are processed in the hippocampus and fed to other brain regions for storage.
spacing effect
distributed study or practice beats masses study or practice (cramming)
testing effect
testing improves learning (and testing)
- practiced retrieval is more effective than just rereading
- make it meaningful - thinking and relating increases retention
- -self reference effect: meaning fun info required one-tenth the effort
flashbulb memory
- memories in emotionally charged times, paired with hormone release & involvement of the amygdalae set memories
- vivid, emotional
ways to measure retention
recall
recognition
relearning
recall
retrieval cues. fill in the blank test
recognition
previously learned info with retrieval cues: name, face, taste, mc test
relearning
reinforcing info learned
- saving score method.. relearn it in half the time
