learning Flashcards
what is learning
acquisition of new and relatively enduring information or behaviour, through experience, adaptability
learning _____ info,
memory _____ info
learning acquires
memory retains
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
- habitual behaviour
- behaviour through conditioning
cognitive learning
by observing, or through language
conditioning
a process of learning associations
stimulus
anything to which an organism responds
respondent behaviour
behaviour that is automatic response to some stimulus
operant behaviour
behaviour that operates on the environment, consequences
involuntary response to a stimulus (examples)
puff of air = blink
food = salivating
unlearned reflexes. give examples
unconditioned
inborn, automatic
ex: hot weather, loud bang, onion vapour, touch hot pan
learned reflexes. give examples
conditioned
fire alarm, response to people, sports
classical conditioning
link between 2 or more stimuli produces a response
- respondent behaviour
when a previously neutral stimulus becomes ‘paired’ (associated) with an unconditioned response, and elicits a conditioned response.
pavlovs dogs. name: - unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response - neutral stimulus - conditioned stimulus - conditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus: food
- unconditioned response salivating
- neutral stimulus: tone
- conditioned stimulus: tone paired w food
- conditioned response: learning salivating with tone
pavlovs experiments
acquisition extinction spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination
extinction
weakening (& disappearance of CR)
not unlearning but learned inhibition of responding
spontaneous recovery
after extinction, the CS is presented and the CR reappears
generalization
when a stimulus similar to the CS elicits the CR
discrimination
CR is made only to the CS, not to similar stimuli
factors affecting classical conditioning
number of pairings
- generally, more pairings = stronger response
intensity of the
unconditioned stimulus
- stronger = stronger & faster (loud noise vs clap)
how reliably the conditioned stimulus predictions the unconditioned response
- neutral stimulus must be reliable (false alarms)
temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
- CS should occur just before US (.5 sec before)
examples of classical conditioning in everyday life
- taste aversion (only needs on pairing)
- fears and phobias (dentist, shark attack)
- advertising
- –associating product with a feeling or response
- – beautiful people
- –happy music, jingles
- – wine and dine events
JOHN GARCIA?
look up
Overmeier and seligman did what experiment (hint: dogs)
dogs and shocks experiment
what sis overseer and seligman find from their dogs and shocks experiment
learned helplessness
learned helplessness
passive resignation to aversive conditions, learned by repeated exposure to circumstances perceived as inescapable and unavoidable
common symptoms of learned helplessness in children
- low self-esteem
- frustration
- positivity
- lack of effort
- giving up
does cc cause a voluntary response
no its involuntary, passive, reflexive
operant conditioning
- actions followed by a rewarding event increase
- those followed by a punishing event decrease
- associating an action and its consequence
- produces operant behaviour
behaviourism
- who
- what
John watson
tabula rasa: blank state
- everything is learned
- environment more powerful than genetics
- nurture over nature
conditioning little albert
John Watson and Rosalie raynor conditioned Baby Albert to fear a white rate
generalized fear to all white fury things
little peter
managed to classically condition a similar fear away
- candy + 38 sessions
- now called systematic desensitization
thorndike - law of effect
- behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated
- behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to stop
operant conditioning - bf skinner “skinner box”
- manipulate consequences
- to increase or decrease B
- to shape entirely new B
- reinforcement
- punishment
name types of reinforcers
primary reinforcers
conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
primary reinforcers
fulfill a basic need and do not depends on learning
- food, water, sleep
conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
acquired or learned
- money, grades, tokens, notoriety, attention
reinforcer table
read
shaping (name ways)
- operant conditioning
- reinforcers guide behaviour
- successive approximations
- shape complex behaviours
name types of reinforcement
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
presenting (adding) a pleasant or desirable stimulus that will strengthen B and increase the probability of it occurring again
- pay someone for work done
- pet a dog when it comes to you
negative reinforcement
- removing (taking away) a stimulus that will strengthen a B and make it more likely to occur again
- taking away something unpleasant (car buzzer for seatbelt)
- aspirin for headache
- stopping to remove painful pebble from shoes
factors that influence the operant conditioning
- magnitude of reinforcement ($2 vs $200)
- immediacy of reinforcement (longer delay = lower response)
- level of motivation of the learner (learning to juggle)
continuous reinforcement
each correct response reinforced
partial reinforcement
- reinforced randomly or intermittently
- more realistic, how we actually learn
- less susceptible to extinction
name the schedules of reinforcement
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
fixed ratio
- Response after fixed number of correct responses
- high response, brief pause after reinforcement
ex: worker productivity, mccafe card, payed by number lawns mowed
variable ratio
- Response after a varying number of correct responses
- high response rate, resistant to extinction
ex: VLTs, fishing
fixed interval
- response after a specific time interval has passed
- response increases near time of R, then slight drop
ex: pay check, morning paper
variable interval
- Response after a varying amount of time
- lower but steady response
ex: pop quiz, speed traps, random drug testing
shared terms with operant and classical conditioning
- extinction
- generalization
- spontaneous recovery
extinction
when reinforcement is withheld
withhold tantrum attention
generalization
responding to a similar reinforcer
types of punishment
positive, negative
when does punishment happen, why
after a behaviour and to decrease the probability of the behaviour happening again
positive punishment
addition of an unpleasant stimulus
- extra chores, scolding
negative punishment
removal of something valued or desired
- no car
disadvantages of punishment
- indicates unacceptable b, but no help in developing acceptable b
- temporary suppression
- negatively reinforces parents punishing
- create fear/hostility towards punisher
- increase aggression
- passive aggressiveness
- avoidance
- inappropriate modeling
- learned helplessness
comp of classical + operant conditioning
s45, s46
can animals learn from experience? from stimulus?
yes they can learn without reinforcement
yes they can learn predictability and expectance that a stimulus will occur
latent learning
behaviour is cognitively acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
- rats in a maze
- driving
- knowledge of surroundings
how to rewards affect intrinsic motivation
excessive rewards can destroy intrinsic motivation.
people who focus on their works meaning and significance do better and earn intrinsic rewards
observational learning
- modelling
- learn from observing and imitation
especially influential if paired with OC - antisocial or prosocial
observational learning requires what
- attention
- retention
- reproduction (requires motivation)
- reinforcement (if model is reinforced)
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment 1961 looked into what
does aggressive modelling cause aggressive behaviour in children
mirror neurons
neurons that fire when observing others’ behaviour, feelings… neural basis for imitation
- empathy
- oxytocin
- behaviour
modeling starts early. id pos or neg. what we learn as children is not easily displaced.
yawning when others do caused by what?
empathy, mirror neurons, modelling
prosocial effects of observational learning in everyday life
prosocial behaviour models have prosocial effects
effectiveness is related to consistency in actions and words
antisocial effects of observational learning in everyday life
observational learning may have adverse effects (movies, tv shows, online )
aggressiveness could be genetic
