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AP PSYCH > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

Any indication that learning has persisted over time

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2
Q

Recall

A

Being able to assess the information without being cued

Fill in the blank test without a word bank

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3
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying information after experiencing it again

Multiple choice test

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4
Q

Relearning

A

When we learn something for the second time the process occurs faster than the first time

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5
Q

Encoding

A

The process of putting information into the memory system

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6
Q

Automatic encoding

A

Time, space, frequency and the meaning of words

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7
Q

Effortful encoding

A

Requires attention and conscious effort

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8
Q

Visual encoding

A

Seeing-shallow

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9
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Hearing – shallow

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10
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Meaning – deep

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11
Q

Storage

A

Creation of a permanent record of encoded information (retain)

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12
Q

Retrieval

A

Calling back stored information on demand when it is needed

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13
Q

Parallel processing

A

Brains ability to make sense of several different incoming stimuli at the same time

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14
Q

Atkinson - Shiffrin three stage model of memory

A

Three different memory systems characterized by time frames

Sensory memory, short-term or working memory, long-term memory

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15
Q

Sensory memory

A

External stimuli from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived
(0-5 seconds)

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16
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory input creates a fleeting photographic visual image (less than one second)

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17
Q

Echoic memory

A

1 to 3 seconds auditory recording

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18
Q

Short term or working memory

A

The information we are currently aware of or thinking about (20 seconds)

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19
Q

George Miller‘s magic 7+/-2

A

 Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using short term memory

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20
Q

Limits of short-term memory

A

Distraction - rapid loss
Trying to hold too much information
A demanding task

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21
Q

Long-term memory

A

All memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds

Vast storage capacity

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22
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Any memory from the past

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23
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do a task in the future

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24
Q

Explicit or declarative memory (conscious)

A

Information you have to consciously work to remember through effortful processing
(Facts, concepts and events)

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25
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge

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26
Q

Episodic memory

A

Long term memory that involves recollection of specific events, situations and experiences

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27
Q

Implicit memory (unconscious)

A

Information you unconsciously and effortlessly remember

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28
Q

Procedural memory

A

How to perform specific tasks you don’t have to consciously recall

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29
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Vivid, detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident or emotionally significant world events

(September 11)

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30
Q

Rosy retrospection

A

Working memory tends to delete mundane and or boring, only store interesting into long-term memory

31
Q

Context dependent memory

A

Easier to recall information in the same environment which it was required

32
Q

State dependent memory

A

Memories that are triggered or enhanced by current mood

33
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Process where a brain converts short-term memory into long-term

34
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Strengthening of a synaptic connection through repeated neural action (Eric Kandes)

35
Q

Storage decay, forgetting curve

A

more time goes by the less we remember, 70% of information is forgotten within 24 hours (Herman Ebbinghaus)

36
Q

Trace decay theory

A

Overtime our memories biologically degenerate

37
Q

Amnesia

A

Full or partial loss of memory due to injury or trauma

38
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Cannot remember things that happened before the events that caused them

39
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Unable to create new memories after amnesia inducing event

40
Q

Serial position effect

A

We usually recall the last words or first words in a long list

41
Q

Primacy effect

A

Better recall of first items from rehearsal

42
Q

Recency effect

A

Better recall of last items, still in working memory

43
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli that were present at the time the memory was encoded

44
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Painful or embarrassing events are forced out of mind and harder to retrieve

45
Q

Tip of the tongue state

A

Feeling a memory is available but not quite retrievable

46
Q

Encoding failure

A

Occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place

In one ear out the other

47
Q

Proactive interference

A

Older memories interfere with the retrieval of new memories

48
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New memories interfere with the retrieval older memories

49
Q

Memory reconstruction

A

Memory is a cognitive process with errors

We construct memories as we encode, alter them as we withdraw and update memories with reasoning

50
Q

Pseudo memories

A

False memory that a person believes to be true

51
Q

Belief bias

A

Biased on which sorces of information we believe in

52
Q

Suggestibility

A

Trusted sources lead to high levels of suggestibility

53
Q

Misinformation effect

A

When trusted sources give false information we believe it

54
Q

Memory construction

A

A real memory but not every detail

55
Q

The wording effect

A

Leading questions can cause us to fill in the blanks correctly

56
Q

False memory

A

Repeatedly imagining non-fiction events can create memories that are completely false

57
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

No episodic memories under the age of three because the hippocampus is not fully developed

58
Q

Hypnosis

A

Heightened state of suggestibility is likely to result in memory construction and false memories

59
Q

Eyewitness testimony

A

Found unreliable by Elizabeth Loftus

60
Q

Distributed practice

A

Spacing study material by including breaks between study periods

61
Q

Massed cramming

A

Memorization and learning into one session

62
Q

Spacing effect

A

Using smaller increments of study over longer periods of time is more effective for learning and memory retention

63
Q

Rehearsal/over learning

A

Practice repetition and studying increase long-term potentiation

64
Q

The testing affects

A

Studying technique that forces you to recall works better than just rereading information

65
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Reminders associated with information we are trying to get out of memory, eight us in remembering

66
Q

Sensory associations

A

Sight, sound, smells and taste

67
Q

Context effect

A

Easier to retrieve memories in the environment they were encoded

68
Q

Chunking

A

Process of taking pieces of information and grouping them into larger units

69
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

Encoding strategies used to organize to be learned material in order to make it more meaningful and easier to remember

70
Q

Peg word system

A

Used for lists, image is visualized which holds the pegs for the information that needs to be recalled

71
Q

Memory palace

A

Association of words on a list with the visualization of places on a familiar path

72
Q

Sleep

A

Sleeping after learning something new leads to physical changes in the brain

73
Q

Effortful processing

A

In order for information to be moved from short-term to long-term memory you need to actively attend to the info

AP PSYCH (7 decks)

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