Memory Flashcards
Memory
Any indication that learning has persisted over time
Recall
Being able to assess the information without being cued
Fill in the blank test without a word bank
Recognition
Identifying information after experiencing it again
Multiple choice test
Relearning
When we learn something for the second time the process occurs faster than the first time
Encoding
The process of putting information into the memory system
Automatic encoding
Time, space, frequency and the meaning of words
Effortful encoding
Requires attention and conscious effort
Visual encoding
Seeing-shallow
Acoustic encoding
Hearing – shallow
Semantic encoding
Meaning – deep
Storage
Creation of a permanent record of encoded information (retain)
Retrieval
Calling back stored information on demand when it is needed
Parallel processing
Brains ability to make sense of several different incoming stimuli at the same time
Atkinson - Shiffrin three stage model of memory
Three different memory systems characterized by time frames
Sensory memory, short-term or working memory, long-term memory
Sensory memory
External stimuli from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived
(0-5 seconds)
Iconic memory
Sensory input creates a fleeting photographic visual image (less than one second)
Echoic memory
1 to 3 seconds auditory recording
Short term or working memory
The information we are currently aware of or thinking about (20 seconds)
George Miller‘s magic 7+/-2
 Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using short term memory
Limits of short-term memory
Distraction - rapid loss
Trying to hold too much information
A demanding task
Long-term memory
All memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds
Vast storage capacity
Retrospective memory
Any memory from the past
Prospective memory
Remembering to do a task in the future
Explicit or declarative memory (conscious)
Information you have to consciously work to remember through effortful processing
(Facts, concepts and events)
Semantic memory
Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge
Episodic memory
Long term memory that involves recollection of specific events, situations and experiences
Implicit memory (unconscious)
Information you unconsciously and effortlessly remember
Procedural memory
How to perform specific tasks you don’t have to consciously recall
Flashbulb memory
Vivid, detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident or emotionally significant world events
(September 11)