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AP PSYCH > Congnitive Psychology > Flashcards

Congnitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of internal mental processes

Perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving and learning

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about our thinking (planning, monitoring one’s thoughts, making decisions, strategies to remember information)

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3
Q

Schema

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

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4
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or best example of a specific concept or category (hear bird think Bluejay)

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5
Q

Convergent thinking (inside the box)

A

Coming up with a single, well established answer (limits creativity)

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6
Q

Divergent thinking (outside the box)

A

Generates creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions

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7
Q

Problem solving

A

Mental process to discover, analyze and solve problems

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8
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step procedures to find the correct answer to a particular problem (slow but accurate)

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9
Q

Heuristics

A

Guess based on prior experience to narrow down possible solutions

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10
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype (allows for a quick decisions)

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11
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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12
Q

Insights

A

Sudden and new realization of the solution to a problem (not reliable)

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13
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Studied insights
Put a banana just out of chimps reach. They were unproductive until they realize they could place the boxes on top to reach the banana

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14
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to only use solutions that have worked in the past (rigid and inflexible)

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15
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Prevents people from fully seeing all the different options available

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16
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence

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17
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to hold on to beliefs even when evidence proves those beliefs to be wrong

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18
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skills or judgment

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19
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency people have to view events is more predictable than they really are

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20
Q

Framing

A

Process of presenting an issue that affects the decisions and judgment people make

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21
Q

Anchoring effect

A

Favor the first information given

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22
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

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23
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound

S in sat or T in tap

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24
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of meaning

un or ly in unfriendly

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25
Q

Grammar

A

System of rules governing the structure and use of language

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26
Q

Babbling stage

A

Four months of age
Vocalize various sounds unrelated to language
Mama or dada

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27
Q

One word stage

A

Ages one and two
Whole idea expressed in one word
Go or car or kitty

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28
Q

Two word stage

A

Use of mostly nouns and verbs (telegraphic speech)

Application of grammar rules where they do not apply (overgeneralization)

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29
Q

Full sentences

A

Ages 6 to 10

Master syllable stress patterns to distinguish among words

30
Q

Skinners theory of language acquisition

A

Children learn language through operant conditioning

Children receive rewards for using language in a functional manner

31
Q

Noam Chomsky inborn universal grammar

A

All humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language located in a specific region of the brain

32
Q

Wernick‘s area

A

Region of the brain important for language development and responsible for speech comprehension

33
Q

Wernick’s aphasia

A

Speak in phrases that sounds fluent yet lack meaning

34
Q

Brocas area

A

Region of the brain involved in production of speech and helps you put words together fluently to form sentences

35
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Lack of fluency with preserved language comprehension

36
Q

Critical periods for language

A

Window on language learning gradually closes in early childhood

If not exposed by age 7 children gradually lose their ability to master language

37
Q

Linguistic determination

A

Benjamin Whorf, individuals describe the world they live in based on the language they are used to

38
Q

Euphemism

A

Innocuous word or phrase used to disguised truth

Enhanced interrogation technique a.k.a. torture

39
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

40
Q

Binet-Simon intelligence scale

A

Designed a series of test to assess mental abilities

41
Q

Stanford Binet intelligence test

A

Formula to compute one’s intelligence quotient

42
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

Mental age from exam divided by chronological age

43
Q

General intelligence (G factor)

A

Charles spearman intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured

44
Q

Factor analysis

A

People who perform one well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests

45
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Determine Spearman‘s G should be divided into two factors of intelligence

46
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to reason and think flexibly, stronger in youth

47
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulation of knowledge, facts and skills acquired throughout life tends to increase with age

48
Q

Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

A

Distinct types of intelligence based on skills and abilities

IQ tests are not full and accurate depiction of ability

49
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Low IQ but a specific exceptional skill

For Gardners theory against spearman‘s

50
Q

Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Three different factors of intelligence

Practical – experimental style leads to specific learning

Analytical-solving a well defined problem with a single answer

Creative - generating new ideas

51
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions

52
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Test

A

Corrects for cultural bias by including nonverbal questions

53
Q

Heritability

A

Intelligence estimates range from 50 to 75%

Genetic make up determines the upper limit for IQ and ideal environment and lower limit in an impoverished environment

54
Q

Flynn effect

A

IQ scores have been rising worldwide because of education, nutrition and more access to information


55
Q

Psychometrician

A

Methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data

56
Q

Standardization

A

Ensures the test is administered and scored uniformly to define meaningful scores

57
Q

Norms

A

Each test taker completes the test under the same conditions

58
Q

Achievement tests

A

Measures a persons knowledge in a specific area

Test in psychology, math unit test

59
Q

Aptitude test

A

Assesses what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is capable of learning

60
Q

Group tests

A

Set a guys test can be administered in groups, widely used in efficient

61
Q

Individual tests

A

Administered by a trained professional to provide more information on behavior and creative responses

62
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency

Tendency of a test to produce the same scores each time

63
Q

Validity

A

Degree in which a test measures what it supposed to measure

64
Q

Test retest reliability

A

Administering a test twice at two different points in time same results

65
Q

Split half reliability

A

Measures the extent of which the parts of a test equally contribute to what is being measured

66
Q

Content validity

A

Measures all aspects of what is designed to measure

67
Q

Predictive

A

Test accurately forecast performance on future measure

68
Q

Ethics and standards in testing

A

Professional standards for psychological test to promote the welfare of test takers

69
Q

IQ test measure

A

A persons ability to use logic and solve problems, recognize patterns and make rapid connections

70
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Score 2 or more standard deviation‘s below the norm (70 or below)

Serious limitations and areas such as learning, reasoning, communication and self help skills

71
Q

Causes for intellectual disability

A

Genetic conditions, injuries, illness, labor/delivery problems and pregnancy problems

72
Q

Intellectually gifted

A

.2% receive an IQ score of more than 145

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AP PSYCH (7 decks)

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