memory Flashcards
input
is the process of processing information from the environment from our five senses
process
refers to analysing the information we have receive and referees the relationship between input and output
output
is the consequences of the analysis of the input
what are the major process involved memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
encoding
its the process of forming sensory input into a memory trace is called encoding
storage
where registered experiences are stored
retrieval
refers to the process of accessing stored memories so that they can be used
ways which information cAN BE stored
visual ,acoustic , semantic
duration
how long we can keep information in our memory
capacity
refers to how much we can hold in or memory
short term memory features
limited capacity, 5-9 items, duration of 15-20 seconds
long term memory features
unlimited capacity, unlimited duration upto a lifetime
chunking
reducing long string of information to shorter manageable chunks in order to remember it
Availability
refers to the storage of memory
accessibility
refers to its retrieval , how well we can get at that memory
procedural memory
knowledge on how to do things
semantic memory
knowledge of what things means
declarative memory
is knowledge of things/factual information
episodic memory
includes experiences in our life
amnesia
is the loss of memory after an injury
retrograde amnesia
when people are unable to remember pre existing memory prior to the injury
Anterograde amnesia
when people are unable to store new information after an injury but are able to remember preexisting memory
hippocampus
refers to an area of the brain that transfers memories form STM TO LTM
Schema
is a package of knowledge that helps us organise and interpret information
reconstructive memory
is the act of remembering something using number of other factors
serial reproduction
its a method which duplicates the process bu which rumours are spread from generation to generation
confabulation
is a memory error which a person confuses imagined or made-up scenarios with actual memories
strength of reconstructive memory
The theory has helped the police understand that eye witness testimony is unreliable. This has meant that the police can change the way that they interview witnesses to ensure they are consistent.
weakness
Bartlett was not particularly scientific in his procedures. He was interested in each participant’s unique memories, rather than the use of standardised procedures and controls. This may weaken the research that was used to form the theory.
sensory register
immediate memory storage that takes information from our five senses
visual memory
holds image we see for less than a second
auditory memory
holds a sound for a little longer ,a few seconds
Attention
Taking notice of an event or information.
Rehearsal
repeating information to increase the duration of a memory
Retrieval
Recalling a memory
Decay
Forgetting information in the long term memory as it has broken down
Displacement
Forgetting information in the short term memory due to incoming information
a serial position curve
shows the tendency of a person to recall the first and last terms best and middle worst
primacy effect
when participants recall the first words well
recency effect
when a participants recall the last words well
asymptote
it means when middle portion of list is remembered less well than this at the end or beginning
strength of msm
Has Support: Case studies of patients with brain damage shows distinct separate STM and LTM stores
weakness of msm
No Freewill: Not all information is rehearsed and transferred into LTM, it can decay and displace.
Omissions
We leave out unfamiliar, unpleasant or irrelevant details
Transformations
Details are changed to make them more rational (make sense)
Familiarisation
We change unfamiliar details to align with our own schema
Rationalisation
We add details to our recall to give a reason for something that may not have originally fitted with a schema
Assimilation
the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding
