Memory

Question 1

Define Memory

Answer 1

The retention of information over time

Question 2

Define the Paradox of Memory

Answer 2

The same mechanisms that serve us well can cause us problems.

Question 3

What are the 3 memory systems?

Answer 3

Sensory, STM and LTM

Question 4

Explain the memory system journey

Answer 4

Sensory - STM - LTM - STM

Question 5

Define STM

Answer 5

Working memory

Can retain information for limited durations

Question 6

How do we lose information in our STM?

Answer 6

Decay - fades over time

Interference - loss of information due to competition of new incoming information

Question 7

What are the two types of Interference?

Answer 7

Retroactive - happens when learning new information tampers something previously learned.
Proactive - happens when earlier learning gets in the way of learning new things.

Question 8

What is the span of information in the STM system and how can it be extended?

Answer 8

7+2 pieces of information - can extend using chunking

Question 9

Define Rehearsal

Answer 9

Repeating information in STM (extends duration)

Question 10

What are the two main parts within rehearsal?

Answer 10

Maintenance - repeating the stimuli in the same form

Elaborative - links stimuli to each other in a meaningful way

Question 11

What are the characteristics (shallow, deepest) and levels of being Elaborative?

Answer 11

Visual (most shallow), Phonological (somewhat less) and Less Sematic (deepest)

Question 12

Define LTM

Answer 12

Enduring store of information (facts, experiences and skills)

Question 13

Define the Primacy Effect and state which memory system it’s associated with

Answer 13

Shows up in remembering stimuli that were presented 1st, LTM

Question 14

Define the Recency Effect and state which memory system it’s associated with

Answer 14

Shows up in remembering stimuli that were presented most recently, STM

Question 15

Define Explicit memories

Answer 15

Recalling information that we don’t remember deliberately (semantic & episodic)

Question 16

Define Implicit memories

Answer 16

Process of recalling information intentionally (procedual, priming, conditioning and habituation)

Question 17

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memories?

Answer 17

Semantic - knowledge of facts

Episodic - events in our lives

Question 18

Give a procedural memory example

Answer 18

Motor skills and habits

Question 19

Define Priming

Answer 19

Ability to identify a stimulus more easily and quickly after similiar stimuli.

Question 20

What are the three processes of memory and their keywords?

Answer 20

Encoding - Getting information into memory
Storage - Keeping information in our memory
Retrival - Reactivation of information from our memory

Question 21

What is the main component of Encoding and an example?

Answer 21

Mnemonics - learning aids to help enhance recall

Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge

Question 22

What is the main component of Storage and the definition?

Answer 22

Schema - organized knowledge structure

Question 23

What are the 3R’s within Retrieval?

Answer 23

RECALL - generating previously remembered information (PRI)
RECOGNITION - selecting PRI from an array of options
RELEARNING - reacquiring something learned before much faster

Question 24

Define Encoding Specificity

Answer 24

More likely to remember when conditions at the time of encoding are also present at retrieval.

Question 25

What are the two types of Encoding Specificity?

Answer 25

Context-dependent learning and State-dependent learning

Question 26

Define Long-term Potentiation (LTP) and where it’s used?

Answer 26

Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons form repetitive stimulation (hippocampus).

Question 27

What are the two types of Amnesia and their definitions?

Answer 27

RETROGRADE - loss of past memeories

ANTEROGRADE - loss of ability to make new memories

Question 28

What is the bottom line of Clive Wearing?

Answer 28

Destroying the hippocampus will leave the implicit memory intact.

Question 29

Define Flashbulb memories

Answer 29

Very vivid, able to be recalled in detail much later (they change over time).

Question 30

Define Source Monitoring Confusion

Answer 30

Lack of clarity about the origins of a memory (illusions)