Learning Flashcards
Define Learning
Any relatively durable change in behaviour/knowledge due to experience (habituation/dishabituation)
Who is the theorist behind Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What are the terms associated with Classical Conditioning?
Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned response, Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned response.
What are the main 5 processes in Classical Conditioning?
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination.
Who are the main theorists associated with Operant Conditioning?
B.F Skinner and Edward L Thorndike
What are the 3 main ideas within Operant Conditioning?
Behaviour - Consequences - Effect on Behaviour
What is Edward L. Thorndike’s most famous work?
The Law of Effect (1913)
What is B.F Skinner’s most famous work?
The Skinner Box (1953) - Principle of Reinforcement
What are the 4 main processes associated with Operant Conditioning?
Acquisition, Extinction, Shaping, Stimulus Control (discrimination & generalization)
Who is the main theorist associated with Observational Learning?
Albert Bandura
What are the 4 main processes associated with Observational Learning?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction and Motivation
Define Acquisition
The initial stage of learning something.
Define Extinction
Gradual weakening + disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
Define Stimulus Generalization
Response to stimuli other than the stimuli used in conditioning.
Define Stimulus Discrimination
Response to stimuli that is similar to the conditioning stimuli.
What do primary reinforcers satisfy?
Biological needs.
What do secondary reinforcers do?
Help conditioned reinforcement
Define a Fixed Ratio Schedule
The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.
Define Variable-Ratio Schedules
The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses.
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcment?
Positive - rewarding stimulus
Negative - removal of the aversive stimulus
What are two side effects of physical punishment?
Negative outcomes and makes the punishment consistent
What is associated with the brain within observational learning?
Mirror Neurons
What was used to influct fear on Little Albert?
A loud clanging noise (UCS)
What is the summary of the Skinner box experiment?
Rewards - Increase behaviour
Punishments - Decrease behaviour
Which two adult models are used in the Bobo Doll experiment?
One agressive and One non-violent
