Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Memory is the ability to take in information, store it, and recall it later. This information takes many forms including images, sounds and or meaning. It is a record of experience that guides future action.

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

Where information is stored in the brain

Question 3

Duration

Answer 3

How long a memory lasts for

Question 4

Capacity

Answer 4

How much can be stored at any time in each section

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The process of recalling information to use. Can either be intentional remembering or a passive recall.

Question 6

Retrieval Cue

Answer 6

A retrieval cue is a stimulus that initiates remembering. These can be external (e.g., an image, text, or scent) or internal (e.g., a thought or sensation). Cues can be encountered inadvertently or deliberately sought in the process of deliberately trying to remember something.

Question 7

Recall

Answer 7

Retrieving information from memory with few if any cues. Example: completing a test.

Question 8

Recognition

Answer 8

Correctly identifying or selecting previously learned information from a set of alternatives. Example: Completing a multiple-choice question. Easier than recall.

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

Extremely brief storage of information from each of the sense, in a relatively unprocessed form. Most immediate form of memory.
Duration: couple of seconds

Question 10

Sensory Registers

Answer 10

The individual subsystems of sensory memory. The sensory registers include sound, touch, sight, smell, and taste (the five senses). Information is stored in each register for only a few seconds.
Iconic and Echoic memory

Question 11

Iconic Memory

Answer 11

Brief memory of something just seen, duration of 1 second and can store up to 20 memories/items (capacity).

Question 12

Echoic Memory

Answer 12

Brief memory of something just heard, duration 3 seconds and can store up to 1-2 memories/items (capacity).

Question 13

How is sensory memory transferred to STM?

Answer 13

Information is passed from the sensory memory into short-term memory via the process of attention, which effectively filters the stimuli to only those which are of interest at any given time.

Question 14

Short Term Memory (STM)

Answer 14

Memory system that receives and encodes new information from sensory memory and receives information from long term memory for temporary use. Holds all the memory you are currently thinking about or are consciously aware of.

Question 15

Duration and Capacity of STM

Answer 15

Duration: approximately 20-30 seconds
Capacity: 5-9 items can be in STM

Question 16

Rehearsal

Answer 16

Rehearsal involves repeating the information repeatedly. Keeps information in STM.
2 Types

Question 17

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 17

Thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered

Question 18

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 18

Repeating information over and over to keep it in working memory.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

Chunking increases storage capacity of STM

Question 20

How is information transferred from STM to LTM?

Answer 20

Encoding

Question 21

Encoding

Answer 21

Involves transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 22

Types of Encoding

Answer 22

• Visual- The encoding of picture images.
• Acoustic- The encoding of a sound, especially the sound of words.
• Semantic- The encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words.

Question 23

Long Term Memory

Answer 23

A relatively permanent information storage system that enables one to retain, retrieve and make use of skills and knowledge hours, weeks or even years after they were originally learned.

Question 24

Duration and Capacity of LTM

Answer 24

Unlimited

Question 25

Semantic Network Theory

Answer 25

Information is stored as groups of concepts (or nodes); these nodes are meaningfully linked and form part of overlapping networks.
*Nodes may be thoughts, images, concepts, smells, tastes, memories, emotions, or any other piece of information.

Question 26

Procedural Memory (part of semantic network theory)

Answer 26

How to do things, motor skills. E.g., How to dress yourself in the morning

Question 27

Declarative/Explicit Memory (part of semantic network theory)

Answer 27

Must consciously work to remember it. Can explain it.

Question 28

Episodic Memory (part of explicit memory)

Answer 28

Specific personal events and their context E.g. How did you get home from school?

Question 29

Semantic Memory (part of explicit memory)

Answer 29

General Knowledge and facts. E.g., what is the capital of Greece

Question 30

Serial Position Effect

Answer 30

Is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.

Question 31

Primary Effect

Answer 31

The better recall of items from the beginning of list (first three or four items) – in STM

Question 32

Recency Effect

Answer 32

The better recall of items from the end of the list (last three or four items) – in STM

Question 33

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 33

Specific techniques for improving LTM usually by forging a link or association between the new information to be remembered and information previously encoded. A mnemonic device can be simple, such as a basic rhyme.
*Rhymes- A collection of words that rhyme and have similar sounding keywords.

Question 34

Amygdala

Answer 34

Main Function: regulates emotions specifically fear and aggression
Involved in memory consolidation (makes memories easier to recall)
- Emotional Memories
- Drives to make adolescent decisions

Question 35

Hippocampus

Answer 35

• Where declarative information and memories are encoded
• Cannot form new semantic memories without the hippocampus
• Helps form new long term semantic and episodic memories

Question 36

Cerebellum

Answer 36

• Involved in the creation of implicit long-term memories (procedural and motor learning)

Question 37

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 37

• Involved in processing and retaining information

- Encodes task relevant information in STM