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Test 2 - Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three memory processes and what are their roles?

A
  • Encoding transforms information into form that can be stored in memory
  • Storage maintains the information in memory across time
  • Retrieval is when the information stored in memory is brought to mind
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2
Q

What are the three measures of memory and their roles?

A
  • Recall: regenerate (reform) with little or no cues (essay question; fill in the blank)
  • Recognition: experience similar to stimuli (multiple choice)
  • Relearning: learn something for the second time (faster studying time if read over lecture notes a week ago)
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3
Q

What are the three types of memory in terms of duration?

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory

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4
Q

What is the description of sensory memory?

A
  • Temporary storage for sensory information
  • Very large capacity
  • Stores information in its natural form
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5
Q

What was discovered in Alkinson-Shiffrin Model?

A

Initial 200-500ms after an item is percieved
Remember 12 items but degrades quicker (Sperling’s experiment)
Visual images- fraction of a second
Sounds- 2 seconds

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6
Q

What is the capacity of STM (short-term memory)

A

5 to 9 bits of information and holds information for less than 30s w/o rehearsal

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7
Q

How do you keep information for longer in STM

A

Through rehearsal

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8
Q

What happens if distracted or info is misplaced? (STM)

A

It is lost

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9
Q

How to increase STM capacity?

A

By chunking (easier to remember meaninful units)

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10
Q

What is the source of information? (STM)

A

Can either be sensory or long-term memory

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11
Q

What is the capacity in LTM (long-term memory)

A

Unlimited, relatively permanent

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12
Q

How does it store information? (LTM)

A

In semantic form

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13
Q

Information goes to LTM through _________?

A

Rehearsal

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14
Q

What is essential to process STM to LTM

A

The hippocampus

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15
Q

How is information transferred from STM to LTM?

A

By either an automatic process (rehearsal) or through elaboration

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16
Q

What are the types of LTM?

A

Declarative memory (explicit) and Procedural Memory (implicit)

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17
Q

What is Declarative Memory (explicit)

A

Facts and experiences

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18
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory and their definition?

A

Episodic memory: events of your life

Semantic: general knowledge

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19
Q

What is the brain area (declarative memory)?

A

Hippocampus but not through semantic memory

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20
Q

What is Procedural Memory (implicit)

A

Motor skills, habits, simple class. Conditional responses (learning how to drive, walk, etc).
You have to learn it, you don’t know how until you learn it

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21
Q

What are the brain areas (procedural memory)

A

CR- cerebellum

Skills and Habits- cerebellum and motor areas of cortex

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22
Q

What are Levels-of-Processing Model?

A

Affects how long we remember the information

23
Q

What are the two types of Levels-of-Processing?

A

Shallow Processing- when we are merely aware of the incoming sensory information
Deep Processing- when we make an association, or attach meaning to infomation

24
Q

What is the over learning effect?

A

When information is more resistant to disruption or loss

25
Q

What did Ebbinghaus assume?

A

That memory is the formation of new associations and that it stregthens with repetition

26
Q

What did Ebbinghaus found by testing his own memory and forgetting?

A

The learning curve and the forgetting curve

27
Q

Memory is a ___________ process

A

Reconstructive

28
Q

What are schemas?

A

Frameworks of knowledge and assumptions about people, objects and events that affect how information is encoded and recalled

29
Q

Are eyewitnesses testimony accurate? And why?

A

No because other factors can influence their memory of the event

30
Q

What is the solution so that eyewitnesses testimonies are mor accurate?

A

To ask neutral questions

31
Q

Can hypnosis bring accurate memory back?

A

No, it increases the confidence in memories but doesn’t improve the accuracy of memory

32
Q

What are the unusual memory phenomena?

A

The flashbulb and eidetic memory

33
Q

What is a Flashbulb Memory? (Unusual memory phenomena)

A

Flashbulb: vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one’s first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking or highly emotional event. Not entirely accuate

34
Q

What is a Eidetic Memory? (Unusual memory phenomena)

A

Eidetic: ability to retain a visual image several min after it has been removed. 5% of children have this but lose it before adulthood

35
Q

What are some factors influencing Retrieval

A

Serial Position Effect, environmental context and state-dependent memory

36
Q

What are the two types of Serial position effect?

A

Primary: tendency to better recall items at the beginning
Recency: end easier to recall than items in the middle of sequence

37
Q

What is Environmental Context?

A

The tendency to better recall information in the same physical location where information was encoded

38
Q

What is State-dependent memory?

A

The tendency to better recall information if in the same psychological and pharmacological state as when information was encoded

39
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

A

It is essential for the formation of declarative memories

40
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal lobe in memory?

A

Long-lasting increase in the efficiency of neutral transmission at the synapse. Is the basis for learning and memory at the same level of the neuron

41
Q

What was preserved in the case of H.M?

A
  • Facts learned before operation (LTM)
  • Hold information for short period of time (STM)
  • Procedural memory
  • Not remember learning it but performance improvess over time
  • Conclusion the hippocampus is not required
42
Q

What were the main problems when converting STM to LTM in the case of H.M?

A
  • Consolidation
  • STM doesn’t require hippocampus
  • LTM stored throughout brain but hippocampus necessary to get it
43
Q

What happened in the case of H.M?

A

He has brain surgery to cure epilepsy and a large section o the tempoal lobes were removed

44
Q

What is Forgetting?

A

When old memories are unable to be recalled

45
Q

What are the causes of forgetting?

A

Decay theory and interference

46
Q

What is the decay theory? (Causes of forgetting)

A

If the memory trace is not used it disapears over time (from sensory and STM, but not LTM)

47
Q

What are the two types of Interference?

A

Proactive: when previous learning interferes with new learning
Retroactive when new learning interferes with new learning

48
Q

What is Chunking?

A

When information is reorganized into meaninful units

49
Q

What is Reconstruction?

A

When you piece together highlights and add in other pieces but not all is accurate memory

50
Q

What are the types of forgetting and how does it happen?

A

Encoding failure: material never having been put into LTM
Consolidation failure: any disruptions in the consolidation process that prevents a permanent memory from forming
Retrieval failure: tip of the tongue phenomenon; when information is in the LTM but cannot be retrieved
Motivated forgetting: forgetting something traumatic to protect yourself
Prospective forgetting: one fails to remember to perform some action at a certain time

51
Q

Who originated repressed memories?

A

Sigmund Freud

52
Q

What was discovered about repressed memories?

A
  • A often traumatic memory of an event is stored by unconscious mind
  • Therapy to recover memories is a malpractice
  • Studies: we can force ourselves to forget non-traumatic facts
53
Q

When are repressed memories mistaken for ‘amnesia of early childhood’?

A

Before age 2 because hippocampus not mature

Test 2 - Psychology (5 decks)

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